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Re Education
Re Education
Definition •
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Objectives of m. re-education:
1. To develop motor awareness & voluntary motor response
(Re-learn the injured muscle its ingram in the brain or
learning a new ingram for a new action for the ms).
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Necessary & Effective
• Are used to emphasize a well-designed program of muscle
re-education, which must be based on very specific &
practical demands for: the patient & his environment.
Safe
• Safe patterns: which minimize the hazards of trauma &
deformity that might → abnormal stress & strain.
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Acceptable
• Acceptable patterns of movs are designed to:
fit the handicapped patient into normal environment in
contact & in competition with physically normal people.
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Indications of M. Re-education
3) Dyskinetic mov as
a. Spasticity b. Athetosis c. Ataxia (sluggish)
d. Rigidity e. Tremors. f. Any combination of those.
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Pre-requisites for m. re-education
1. Patient Evaluation:
A detailed examination of patient is essential to
adequate prescription for muscle re-education.
These tests provide data for prescribing ex & repeated testing for prognosis.
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EMG gives information for diag. & prognostic state
EMG gives data about:
1. Actual motor denervation.
2. Map out areas of silence & areas of polyphasic reactions,
indicating progressive denervation or recovery of innervation.
3. Galvanic current draw strength duration curve, & determining
chronaxie → assess PNS injury.
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5. Available Sensory Pathways
Loss of ability to contract effectively, even though the motor pathways are intact.
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6. Muscle-Tendon Integrity & Mobility
• Muscle must be:
1. Intact throughout its length.
2. Stable at its origin & insertion before adequate
response can be expected.
3. Free to move within its normal components.
M. contracture
M-tendon contracture
M. fibrosis
Tendon stenosis
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7. Relation of Tendon Length to M. Mass
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9. Skeletal Alignment
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Pain
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Dyskinetic Movements
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Techniques of M Re-education
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I. Activation
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A. Focusing Procedure
• All re-education techniques should be started
with: a discussion or demonstration of the
routines to be used.
• Patient may not only know what is:
1. Being done? , but
2. Expected to do?:
1. if he is to relax, he must know
2. if he is to attempt to contract & when?,
All depends on the pt’s age & intelligence
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1. Passive Motion (PROM)
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2. Cutaneous Stimulation
• Indications:
1. Spotty m. weakness
2. Reactivation of ms after tendon transplantation.
3. As a focusing & motivating method.
B. Proprioceptive Stimulations
Is an activation method → stimulation of muscle contraction by proprioceptive
stimulation (jt, muscle, tendon), these receptors can be stimulated
by
1. Passive movement.
2. Positioning in various attitudes
3. Balance in sitting & crawling
4. kneeling & standing (righting reactions) → vestibular stim.
5. Weight bearing
6. Traction
7. Approximation
8. Quick stretches
9. Resistance
We must use posture, passive mov, active mov to → stretching, resistance &
reflexes necessary → stim. proprioceptive system.
Stretching & Resistance
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Reflex Stimulation
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II. Strength
• Definition:
1. Ability of muscle to generate force or torque at a definite
velocity.
2. Ability of a muscle to develop force for providing:
1. stability (keep muscle stable).
2. mobility (strength to move).
3. Ability of a muscle to continue successive exertions under
conditions where a load is placed on it.
• Strength can be obtained only through muscle work
(force x distance).
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1. ↑ circulation. & development of muscle sense through
proprioceptive system.
2. Hypertrophy of muscle fibers.
3. ↑ No. of motor units entering into the contractile effort.
4. Sprouting
(if motor units have been denervated, some degrees of
re-innervation will occur by adjacent intact neurofibrils).
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• Each of these factors demands ↑ R to the voluntary
effort → max response.
• Workload must be appropriate neither too little, nor too great.
• If the demands are minimal
→ only few units activated & strength “ll be limited, load must be
built up as m. tolerate.
• Type of ex. for weak muscle depends on:
1. Site of weakness.
2. Extent of weakness.
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• Very limited (specific) exs. are built up, if only a m. is weak,
with strengthening, (larger) & more meaningful activities are built.
• As m. work is essential to → recovery of strength,
also overwork → loss of strength.
• Fatigue & overwork must not be confused.
• Fatigue is a normal & physiological reaction that
→ protects the normal individual from overwork.
• Overwork is neither normal, nor physiological reaction,
So it’s a pathological reaction.
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Causes of Loss of M. Strength
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• Usage of braces is a must in some situations where m.
can’t maintain supporting body parts.
• If brace used all the time without periods of exercises
every now & then, it might be better not to use brace
because it might cause more weakness.
• We use braces to help as fifty/ fifty % with our ms, if we
became reluctant on it 100%, our m will be more weaker
than before brace use. At that case better not to use
brace without strengthening program. (this is the relation
between m re-education & braces.
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2. Isolation of Islands of Contractile Units
• AHC disease
a. Denervation of individual m. f.
b. Areas of degeneration & fatty infiltration surround area of intact m. f .
• It is common to see gradual ↓ strength in weakened m. during:
1st 6 months of acute poliomyelitis.
• At that time, motor denervation can take place,
so protection of any additional weakness is made by:
preventing persistent stretching of the ms. (Brace usage).
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• If the tendon is:
1. Contracted or
2. Abnormally lengthened
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4. Prolongation of Rest Period Required for Recovery
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III. Coordination
Is the integration of different kinds of movements in a single pattern.
• Is the ability to use the right muscle at the right time & right intensity to
achieve a desired movement.
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IV. Endurance
Definitions:
• Ability to carry out repetitive movement essential to
prolonged activity.
• Ability to repeat motor tasks or sustain motor activity over a
prolonged period of time.
• Ability to maintain effort with demands placed upon the
muscle.
* Patterns of movement to ↑ endurance are similar to that
used to obtain strength, except that the demands on
neuromuscular system are less.
• Ex. to ↑ strength require ↑ effort & ↓ repetitions.
• Ex. to ↑endurance require ↑repetitions & ↓effort.
• Endurance can also be developed by
↑ repetitions & R.
• Strength without endurance is inefficient.
• Strength & coordination without endurance are
impractical.
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Examples
• According to the intensive evaluation, paralysis or severe
weakness with grade:
0: - ↑ sensory input by splinting, passive mov,
- interrupted direct currents.
1&2 but with intact nerve:
- passive mov, EMS (faradic & HVG), brief icing,
brushing, quick stretch, approximation,
TVR, hydrotherapy, isometric exs.
- Grade 1: static exs
- Grade 2: A A (suspension, sh wheel, finger ladder,
bicycle ergometer & PNF techs).
3,4 & 5:
- Active exs (AF, AR) via hydrotherapy, pulley, weights,
slings, biofeedback, functional exs as up & down
stairs, PNF, etc.,
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