UNIT-IV

Operating System
1. Basic Concepts, Organization,
functions, operations and types
2. Features of DOS and DOS commands
3. Windows XP and UNIX operating
Systems
 Introduction
• Operating system Concepts.
• “Operating system is an integrated set of
programs that controls the resources of a
computer system to provide interface.”
“An Operating System is a set of programs that
controls and coordinates the use of computer
hardware among various application programs.”
It provides an environment within which user can
execute programs. A computer can be divided into
four components : the hardware, the operating
system, the applications programs, the users.
• An operating system is a program (or set of
programs) that manages the computer hardware
• It also provides a basis for running application
programs and acts as an intermediary between
the computer user and the computer hardware
• Some operating systems are designed to be
convenient, others are designed to be efficient,
and still others are a combination of both
• PC operating systems support a range of software
from complex games to business applications
• Operating systems for handheld computers are
designed to provide a portable environment in
which a user can easily interface with the
computer
• The main two primary objectives of an operating
system.
1. Make a computer system easier to use:
It hides the details of the hardware resources
from programmers and other users and provides
them with a convenient interface for using a
computer system.

2. Manage the resources of a Computer System:

It manages all the resources of the computer
system. It keeps the track who is using what
resource. It also grants the permission for the
resource, accounting of the resource, usage.
Efficient and fair sharing of the resources.
• Organization of Operating System
• Computer system can be divided into four
components
– Hardware – provides basic computing resources
• CPU, memory, I/O devices
– Operating system
• Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
– Application programs – define the ways in which the
system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users
• Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
– Users
• People, machines, other computers
 Functions of Operating System
• Major 5 important functions of OS are,
1) Process Management
2) Memory Management
3) File Management
4) Security
5) Command Interpretation
 1. Process Management
• This module takes care of creation and deletion of
processes scheduling of system resources to different
processes requesting them, and providing
mechanism for synchronization and communication
among processes.
• A process also called a job is the program in the
execution.
• It manages the processes submitted to a system in
manner to minimize the time of processors.
• Process management types for processors
1) Multiprogramming
2) Multitasking
3) Multithreading
4) Multiprocessing
5) Time Sharing
 2. Memory Management
• Other than CPU, main memory is an important
resources of a computer system that must be
managed for overall system performance.
• The OS job is to keep track of which part of
memory are in use and which are free.
• It also allocates the memory to the processes
when they need and de-allocates (releases) when
they no more need.
• The models for the Memory Management are,
1) Uniprograming Memory Model
2) Multiprogramming Memory Models
3) Virtual Memory
 3. File Management
• The file is the collection of related information.
• Every file has its name, data and attributes.
• A name of the file is uniquely identifies it in the system.
• The file data is its contents.
• The attributes like file type, date time of creation, last
access last update and current size and other
information.
• This module takes care of file related activities such as
structuring, accessing, naming, sharing, and protection
of files.
• Two file access Methods are,
1) Sequential Access Files
2) Random Access Files
• File Operations
1) An OS provides a set of operations to deal with
files and its contents as follows,
1) Create
2) Delete
3) Open
4) Close
5) Read
6) Write
7) Seek
8) Get attributes
9) Set attributes
10) Rename
11) Copy
 File Naming
• When file created the file creator gives the name that
can be later used to access that file.
• Rules are,
1) MS-DOS allows only 8 character long name Macintosh
allows 31 and windows up to 255 character long
name.
2) Some OS allows the special characters as other not
like only _ (under score is allow).
3) It also case sensitive like in proper capital or small
case.
4) The structure of the file name.extension. The
extensions like .bas, .c, .ftn, .png, .jpg, .txt, .bin, .lib,
.doc etc
 4. Security
• Computer security deals with protecting various
resources and information of computer system
against destruction and unauthorized access.
• It involves external and internal security.
• External Security deals with files, floods,
earthquakes, stolen of disk/tapes, by person who
access the computer etc.
• The common methods of external security is
maintaining the back up of the data, using
security guards that only authorized persons
allow to enter. Access to only trusted employees
of sensitive information.
• At the other hand the internal security deals with following
aspects.
1. User Authentication: Once user is allowed physical access
to a computer the computer must check the user’s
identification before use. This require the ID and Password
used for logged into the computer system. Or electronic
cards for ATMs, biometric devices that verify the physical
characteristic of the person like fingerprint, face
appearance, voice, hand geometry etc.
2. Access Control: A computer only allow the information
that belongs to that person only even if that information is
there in that computer. Using the ID it will check that
which type of the user has logged into the system and
whether he/she is allowed for the content or not.
3. Cryptography: Even if user somehow manages to gain
access to some information from the computer that
he/she is not authorized to access, some mechanism is
needed to ensure that user con not make use of that
information. That is encrypting that information that is
not recognized by the user without the key or decryption.
 5. Command Interpretation
• This module known as command interpreter
of an operating system
• It provides the set of commands using which
users can give instruction to computer.
• Commands supported by command
interpretation module are known as system
calls.
• It works as interface and hides the hardware
details of a system from its users.
• It interprets the commands into machine
readable format and also handles the user’s
request.
• There are two categories of user interfaces
supported by various operating systems.
1) Command line Interface: Users can give
instructions by typing the commands in the
textual user interface. Using keyboard typing
words and symbols and press enter for
submitting the command to the system. If
the command is incorrect then command
interpreter will responds with a message.
And user will understands with this message.
2) Graphical User Interface (GUI): This is much
easier to learn and use then command line
interface. Here the commands are graphical
(pictorial). GUI provides the screen full of
graphic icons, or menus to users. It allows to
make rapid selection from displayed icons or
menus to give instruction to computer. It
allows to select multiple choices like multiple
commands at a same time that is not possible
in CLI at a same time. It includes the mouse to
provide input by clicking and selecting the
icons.
 Types of Operating Systems
Following are some of the most widely used
types of Operating system.
• Simple Batch System
• Multiprogramming Batch System
• Multiprocessor System
• Distributed Operating System
• Real time Operating System
SIMPLE BATCH SYSTEMS
• In this type of system, there is no direct interaction
between user and the computer.
• The user has to submit a job (written on cards or tape) to a
computer operator.
• Then computer operator places a batch of several jobs on
an input device.
• Jobs are batched together by type of languages and
requirement.
• Then a special program, the monitor, manages the
execution of each program in the batch.
• The monitor is always in the main memory and available for
execution.
Following are some disadvantages of this type of system :
• Zero interaction between user and computer.
• No mechanism to prioritize processes.
• MULTIPROGRAMMING BATCH SYSTEMS
• In this the operating system, picks and begins to execute
one job from memory.
• Once this job needs an I/O operation operating system
switches to another job (CPU and OS always busy).
• Jobs in the memory are always less than the number of
jobs on disk(Job Pool).
• If several jobs are ready to run at the same time, then
system chooses which one to run (CPU Scheduling).
• In Non-multi-programmed system, there are moments
when CPU sits idle and does not do any work.
• In Multiprogramming system, CPU will never be idle and
keeps on processing.
• Time-Sharing Systems are very similar to
Multiprogramming batch systems. In fact time sharing
systems are an extension of multiprogramming systems.
• In time sharing systems the prime focus is on minimizing
the response time, while in multiprogramming the prime
focus is to maximize the CPU usage.
• MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEMS
• A multiprocessor system consists of several processors
that share a common physical memory. Multiprocessor
system provides higher computing power and speed. In
multiprocessor system all processors operate under
single operating system. Multiplicity of the processors
and how they do act together are transparent to the
others.
• Following are some advantages of this type of system.
• Enhanced performance
• Execution of several tasks by different processors
concurrently, increases the system's throughput
without speeding up the execution of a single task.
• If possible, system divides task into many subtasks and
then these subtasks can be executed in parallel in
different processors. Thereby speeding up the
execution of single tasks.
• DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEMS
• The motivation behind developing distributed
operating systems is the availability of
powerful and inexpensive microprocessors
and advances in communication technology.
• These advancements in technology have made
it possible to design and develop distributed
systems comprising of many computers that
are inter connected by communication
networks. The main benefit of distributed
systems is its low price/performance ratio.
• REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
• It is defined as an operating system known to
give maximum time for each of the critical
operations that it performs, like OS calls and
interrupt handling.
• The Operating system which guarantees the
maximum time for these operations are
commonly referred to as hard real-time, while
operating systems that can only guarantee a
maximum of the time are referred to as soft
real-time.
Micro Soft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS):
MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) was an operating
system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed
by Microsoft. It was the main operating system for IBM PC
compatible personal computers during the 1980s to the mid-
1990s.
Versions : MS-DOS 1.x, MS-DOS 2.x, MS-DOS 3.x, MS-DOS 4.0
(multitasking) and MS-DOS 4.1, MS-DOS 4.x, MS-DOS 5.x, MS-
DOS 6.x, MS-DOS 7.x, MS-DOS 8.0
With the release of Windows 95 and other new GUI OSs, MS
start do not containing MS-DOS as part of the operating
system runtime, but for bootstrapping and troubleshooting
and backward compatibility they are using.
All versions of Microsoft Windows have had an MS-DOS
like command-line interface (CLI).
 Disk Operating System (DOS)

 In the 1980s or early 1990s, the operating

system that shipped with most PCs was a
version of the Disk Operating System (DOS)
created by Microsoft: MS-DOS.
• MS-DOS is a disk operating system for IBM
PC–compatible computers.
• In its day, it was easily the most popular
operating system in the world.

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 As with any other operating system, its
function is to oversee the operation of the
system by providing support for executing
programs, controlling I/O devices, handling
errors, and providing the user interface.
 MS-DOS is a disk-based, single-user, single-
task operating system. These qualities make it
one of the easiest disk operating systems to
understand.

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 DOS FILES
• The main portions of MS-DOS are the IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS,
and COMMAND.COM files.
• IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS are special, hidden system files
• The IO.SYS file moves the system’s basic I/O functions into
memory and then implements the MS-DOS default
control programs, referred to as device drivers, for
various hardware components.
• These include the following:
• The boot disk drive
• The console display and keyboard
• The system’s time-of-day clock
• The parallel and serial communications port
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 DOS Commands
DIR
Display a list of files and subfolders
Using the ? And * characters we can list the files
having special pattern.
Syntax: E:\DIR
E:\DIR ab*.xyz
E:\DIR ab?de.xyz
E:\windows\acer\ DIR E: Shows all the files in the E drive
For Descending order listing :
DIR/o-n
 MD (make directory)/ MKDIR
command
• Use the MD command to make a new directory that will
be stored under the current directory.
• The syntax is
MD <directory name>

• For example the following will create a directory named

"entertainment" that is stored under the current
directory

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 CD command / CHDIR
(change the current directory)
• Use the CD command to change the current
directory.

• The syntax is
CD <directory name>

• For example the following will change the current

directory to the new "entertainment" directory.

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 CLS
Type the CLS command followed by ENTER to clear the
screen.

C:\CLS Press Enter

It will clears the all the commands and outputs from

the screen. But It will prompts the current directory.

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 Date
• Use to see the Current Date of the System.
– The output will be
– Current Date is Fri 07-03-2015
– Enter new date(mm-dd-yy):

Time
• Use to show the Current time of the System.
– The output will be
– Current time is 0 : 01 : 05 : 58
– Enter new Time:
The Format is:
HOURS: MINUTES:SECONDS.HUNDREDTHS OF SECONDS
 RMDIR or RD
• Remove Directory: This command is used to
delete the directory that is EMPTY.
• If you want to delete the directory with all the
other files then use the below command.
• RD user1
If Empty
 Delete
• This command is use to delete a file.
• Syntax: del filename
– DEL arpan.jpg
• It will deletes the file
Copy
• This command is use to copy the file with the
content
• Syntax : copy OLDFILENAME NEWFILENAME
– Copy a.docx b.docx
• It will copies the same file with new name
 RENAME
• This command is used to rename the name of
the file.
• It also allows to change the name, extension
or both
Syntax: rename oldname.ext newname.ext
rename a.docx to abc.doc
It will changes to the new extension and with
new name
 MOVE
• This command is used to move files from one
directory to other directory.
• Specify New and Old Directory
– C:\MOVE C:\DIR1\*.* c:\DIR2
• Where DIR1 is the source and DIR2 is
destination directory.
• E:MOVE E:\myphoto\a.jpg E:\myimage\a.jpg
• E:MOVE E:\myimage\a.jpg E:\myphoto\b.jpg
 ERASE
• Use to remove FILES from the diskettes.
• E:\ERASE E:\myphoto\b.jpg
– It will ERASE the file.

Even if We want to delete all the files of the

directory we can use this command.
E:\ERASE arpan
If arpan is the directory name, It will asks for the
delete the files all from that directory
 Windows XP
• The most popular and widely used operating
system.
• The earlier version is Windows 2000.
• Windows XP
– Starts when computer is turned on
– Elements of the desktop
• Icon
• Pointer
• Desktop
• Date/Time control
• Taskbar
• Start button
• Notification area
• Windows XP desktop uses a graphical user
interface
• Graphical user interface (GUI)
– Displays icons to represent items stored on the
computer
• Icons: Pictures of familiar objects
 The Windows XP Desktop
• Desktop
– Area that appears on the screen when Windows
XP starts
– A workspace for projects and tools
– Uses default settings when the computer is first
started
• Default settings: settings preset by the operating
system
– Appearance can be changed by the user

Exploring the Basics of Microsoft Windows

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XP
 Using a Pointing Device
• A pointing device
– Helps the user interact with objects on the
computer screen
– Comes in many shapes and sizes
• Mouse
– Most common pointing device

Exploring the Basics of Microsoft Windows

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XP
 Pointing
• Pointing device
– Used to move the mouse pointer over objects on
the desktop
• Pointing
– Positioning the pointer over a specific part of the
screen

Exploring the Basics of Microsoft Windows

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XP
 Pointing

• ScreenTips (ToolTips)
– Appear when the mouse pointer is positioned over certain objects
– Display the purpose or function of the object
– Figure 1-3 shows a ScreenTip

Exploring the Basics of Microsoft Windows

44
XP
 Clicking
• Clicking
– Pressing a mouse button and immediately releasing it
• Menu
– A list of options which can be used to perform tasks
– Submenus
• Start menu
– Appears when the Start button is clicked
– Provides access to programs, documents, etc.

Exploring the Basics of Microsoft Windows

45
XP
 Clicking

Figure 1-6 shows the Start menu

Exploring the Basics of Microsoft Windows
46
XP
 Selecting
• Selecting a menu command
– Two possible ways of selecting objects in Windows
XP
• Pointing to an object
• Pointing to and then clicking an object
– A selected object is highlighted

Exploring the Basics of Microsoft Windows

47
XP
 Selecting

Exploring the Basics of Microsoft Windows

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XP
 Viewing the contents
of the Recycle Bin
• Click the desktop, and then point to the
Recycle Bin icon. After a few moments, a
ScreenTip appears that describes the Recycle
Bin
• Click the left mouse button twice quickly to
double-click the Recycle Bin icon. The Recycle
Bin opens

Exploring the Basics of Microsoft Windows

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XP
Viewing the contents
of the Recycle Bin

Exploring the Basics of Microsoft Windows

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XP
 Right-Clicking
• Right-clicking
– Clicking an object with the right button of the
mouse
– Selects an object and opens its shortcut menu
• Shortcut menu: a list of options directly related to the
object

Exploring the Basics of Microsoft Windows

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XP
 Right-Clicking

Exploring the Basics of Microsoft Windows

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XP
Exploring the Start menu

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XP
• Short cut keys work even on systems with no
mouse. It has therefore become conventional
to use keyboard control characters for many
functions, as this avoids you having to move
your hand away from the keyboard to use the
mouse for common functions, and then back
again. Save you a lot of time!
• Hopefully you'll be hooked and wonder how
you ever worked without using shortcuts!

Exploring the Basics of Microsoft Windows

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XP
 Different kinds of Shortcuts
• Shortcut menu
• Shortcut keys
• Shortcut desktop icons

Exploring the Basics of Microsoft Windows

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XP
 Starting and Closing a Program
• Starting a program
– A program must be started before it can be used
– To start a program
• Click the Start button
• Locate and click the program’s name in the submenus
• An open or running program
– A program which has been started

Exploring the Basics of Microsoft Windows

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XP
Starting and Closing a Program

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XP
 Introduction to
UNIX / Linux
CMSC 121 Introduction to UNIX

Much of the material in these slides was taken from

Dan Hood’s CMSC 121 Lecture Notes.
 What is an Operating System?
• In simple terms, an operating system is a manager. It
manages all the available resources on a computer,
from the CPU, to memory, to hard disk accesses.
• Tasks the operating system must perform:
– Control Hardware - The operating system controls all the
parts of the computer and attempts to get everything
working together.
– Run Applications - Another job the OS does is run
application software. This would include word processors,
web browsers, games, etc...
– Manage Data and Files - The OS makes it easy for you to
organize your computer. Through the OS you are able to do
a number of things to data, including copy, move, delete,
and rename it. This makes it much easier to find and
organize what you have.
 UNIX History
• The UNIX operating system was born in the late 1960s. It
originally began as a one man project led by Ken Thompson of
Bell Labs, and has since grown to become the most widely
used operating system.
• In the time since UNIX was first developed, it has gone
through many different generations and even mutations.
– Some differ substantially from the original version, like Berkeley
Software Distribution (BSD) or Linux.
– Others, still contain major portions that are based on the original
source code.
• An interesting and rather up-to-date timeline of these
variations of UNIX can be found at
http://www.levenez.com/unix/history.html.
 Parts of the UNIX OS
• The Kernel - handles memory management, input and output requests,
and program scheduling. Technically speaking, the kernel is the OS. It
provides the basic software connection to the hardware. The kernel is very
complex and deals with the inner workings of these things, and is beyond
the scope of this course. The kernel is covered in detail in “Operating
Systems.”
• The Shell and Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) - basic UNIX shells provides
a “command line” interface which allows the user to type in commands.
These commands are translated by the shell into something the kernel can
comprehend, and then executed by the kernel.
• The Built-in System Utilities - are programs that allow a user to perform
tasks which involve complex actions. Utilities provide user interface
functions that are basic to an operating system, but which are too complex
to be built into the shell. Examples of utilities are programs that let us see
the contents of a directory, move & copy files, remove files, etc...
• Application Software & Utilities – these are not part of the operating
system, per se. They are additional programs that are bundled with the
OS distribution, or available separately. These can range from additional or
different versions of basic utilities, to full scale commercial applications.
Thank You...