Damia , Farah , Aiman , Afrizal , Afiq

4.4 TEMPERATURE AND KINETICS

CONTENTS 1.EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION AND
TEMPERATURE
2.COLLISION THEORY
3.ACTIVATION ENERGY
4.TRANSITION THEORY
5.REACTION COORDINATE DIAGRAMS
Collision theory views the reaction rate Transition state theory offers a close-
as the result of particles colliding with up view of how the energy of a
a certain frequency and minimum collision converts reactant to product.
energy.

Used to predict the rates of chemical

reactions, particularly for gases. Used to determine the reaction rates of
elementary reactions.
 In a chemical reaction, bonds are broken and new bond are formed.

For any reaction occur –

(a)Molecules must collide with each other .
Once molecules collide
they may react together or they may not

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 (b) Molecules must have sufficient energy and correct geometry.
Not all collisions result in a reaction. If the particles don’t have enough energy they will bounce of
each other .
Reactions need a certain amount old energy to break old bonds so that new ones can be made . The
minimum amount of energy needed is called the activation energy. Different reactions have different
activation energies

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Example of correct geometry :
The particles must have proper orientations.

-Reaction between hydrogen and iodine.

When the reaction proceeds, the existing H-H and I-I bonds gets broken and new type of bond is formed.
There must be proper collision between the reacting molecules for the formation of desired product. This
is called effective collision.
Activation Energy (Ea) - Minimum energy
required to transform reactants into the
activated complex.

• Only collusion with enough energy react to

form products (or to start reaction).

• (The minimum energy required to produce

an effective collision).

• The lower the (Ea) , the faster the reaction .

• All of these will increase the rate of

reaction : In this picture, The activation energy is the
(a) Heating the reactants amount of energy required for the man to get
(b) Using catalyst rock ‘A’ over the mountain.
(c) Making the reactants concentrated
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Each reaction has its own activation Energy (Ea)

The smaller the ‘bump’ the less energy particles must have to react.
 • The tiny fraction of molecules that are oriented
effectively and moving at the highest speed
behave differently.

• Their kinetic energy pushes them together with

enough force to overcome repulsions and react.

• At some point during this smooth transformation,

what exists is neither reactant nor product but a
transitional species with partial bonds.

• This extremely unstable species, which is called

the transition state, or activated complex, exists
only at the instant when the reacting system is
• When two molecules approach one another, some kinetic energy is highest in potential energy.
converted to potential energy as the electron clouds repel each other.
• At the moment of a head-on collision, the molecules stop, and their
kinetic energy is converted to the potential energy of the collision.
• Thus, the activation energy is the quantity
• If this potential energy is less than the activation energy, the molecules needed to stretch and deform bonds in order to
recoil, bouncing off each other and the molecules zoom apart without reach the transition state
reacting.
The high point on the
diagram is the transition
state.
The species present at the
transition state called the
activated complex.

The energy gap between the

reactants and the activated
complex is the activation
ebergy barrier.

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 Heat of reaction

DE = (Ea)forward - (Ea)reverse Next

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 A---B---B A---B---B

A + B2 AB + B

AB + B A + B2

Exothermic reaction: Ea(forward) < Ea(reverse) Endothermic reaction: Ea(forward) > Ea(reverse)