PHYSICAL HAZARD

Presented by:
Anand K Jayan (500073501)
Anjali Parashar (500074267)
Ashish Shukla (500074257)
Ashwin.V.J (500073504)
Avudurthi Uday Kiran (500073512)
 HAZARD
Something with the potential
to cause harm.
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARD
PHYSICAL

CHEMICAL

HAZARD BIOLOGICAL

ERGONOMIC

PSYCHOLOGICAL
 PHYSICAL HAZARD
Things which cause harm because of
their physical characteristics.

(e.g. Electricity, Work at Height, Radiation,

Vibration, Noise, Heat, Trip Hazard,
Moving Machine Parts, Vehicles.
CLASSIFICATION OF physical HAZARD

NOISE

VIBRATION
PHYSICAL HAZARD
TEMPERATURE

RADIATION
Physical hazard video
 NOISE
A sound, especially one that is loud or
unpleasant or that causes disturbance.
PHYSICAL EFFECT OF NOISE
 Temporary reduction in hearing sensitivity as a result of short-
duration exposure to excessively loud noise (e.g. muffled hearing after a
loud concert).

 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) – permanent, progressive loss of

hearing as a result of repeated exposure to excessively loud noise.

 Tinnitus – persistent ringing in the ears as a result of repeated exposure

to excessively loud noise. This may be temporary or permanent.

 Inability to hear:
◦ hazards such as vehicles;
◦ alarms and warning sirens;
◦ conversation and spoken instructions; as a result of background
noise.
Psychological effect of noise

 Stress effects – caused by irritating

nuisance/background noise.

 Difficulty concentrating and an increase in

errors caused by nuisance/background
noise.
Total time of exposure Sound pressure level in
per day, in hrs. dB
8 90

4 95

2 100

1 105

1/2 110

1/4 115
Lower Exposure Action to be taken

 At or above this value, the employer must:

◦ Carry out and record a noise assessment.
◦ Provide information, instruction and training
to employees.
◦ Make hearing protection available.
Upper Exposure Action Value

 At or above this value, the employer must:

◦ Carry out and record a noise assessment.
◦ Reduce noise exposure to the lowest level
reasonably practicable by means other than hearing
protection.
 If noise levels are still above 85 dB(A)/137
dB(C), the employer must:
◦ Establish mandatory hearing protection zones.
◦ Provide information, instruction and training to
employees.
◦ Provide hearing protection and enforce its use.
◦ Provide health surveillance (audiometry).
 Exposure Limit Value

 At or above this value, the employer

must immediately prevent exposure and
reduce it below the limit value.
Basic Noise Control Measures

 Reducing the noise at source.

 Interrupting the pathway from source to
receiver.
 Protecting the receiver.
Reducing Noise at Source

 Eliminating the source.

 Substituting the source.
 Modifying the process.
 Maintenance .
 Damping .
 Silencing.
Interrupting the Pathway

 Insulation
 Isolation
 Absorption
Protecting the Receiver

 Acoustic haven.
 Hearing protection.
Noise video
 Vibration

 Vibration is similar in many respects to

noise, both in terms of its physical
characteristics and preventive measures.
Vibration is the oscillatory (back and
forth) motion of an object.
 Types of vibration
 Hand-arm vibration – this is mechanical
vibration that passes into the hands and
arms as a result of the hands having been
on the handles or grips of a tool.
 Whole-body vibration – this is the
mechanical vibration that passes into the
body through the feet and legs or backside
as a result of standing or sitting on a
vibrating surface.
Basic Vibration Control Measures

 Reduce the vibration at source.

 Interrupt the pathway from source to
receiver.
 Limit the duration of exposure.
Reduce Vibration at Source

 Eliminate the source.

 Substitute the source.
 Changing work techniques.
 Maintenance .
Interrupt the Pathway

 Isolation-vibration is transmitted through

through solid materials by direct contact (e.g.
from the two-stroke motor of a chainsaw, to the
chassis supporting that motor, to the handles, to
the hands). Isolation involves separating
vibrating parts from the user’s hands using anti-
vibration mountings. This breaks the
transmission pathway. This approach can be
applied to hand-tools, such as chainsaws, and to
vehicles – the suspension of a seat in a vehicle
cab is isolating the driver from vehicle
vibration.
Limit the Duration of Exposure

 Limit the duration of exposure by

calculating how long a worker might use a
particular tool before they approach a
relevant action or limit value.
 Job rotation, so that vibration exposure is
shared between several workers with no
one worker receiving above the relevant
action or limit value.
Vibration video
 Temperature
• The degree or intensity of heat or cold present in a
substance or object,

• especially as expressed according to a comparative

scale and shown by a thermometer or perceived by
touch.
 TEMPERATURE

 The body has automatic systems that maintain internal

temperature within this narrow range under normal
circumstances.

 The automatic systems are:

◦ Sweating when the body gets overheated.
◦ Shivering when the body is too cold.
 Types of Temperature

 High Temperature

 Low Temperature
Heat cramps
Heat cramps are caused by loss of fluid and body salts,
sometimes in combination with heavy exertion. They can be
very painful and affect several different muscle groups.

Heat exhaustion
Heat exhaustion results from
the depletion of body fluid.
The symptoms include dizziness,
nausea and profuse sweating.

Heat stroke
Heat stroke is the failure of the body's temperature
regulating system, leading to a rise in body temperature that
can cause death.
Health Effects of Cold Stress

The immediate health effects of cold stress are

 restlessness,
 decreased alertness and
 lack of concentration.

If exposure is prolonged or extreme, frostbite or

hypothermia may result.
Temperature video
 Radiation

 The emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as

moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy
particles which cause ionization.

 This energy can enter the body and damage tissue and
organs.
 Types of radiation

•NON-IONISING RADIATION
Radiation that does not cause ionization in the
material that absorbs it.
•IONISING RADIATION
Radiation that causes ionization in the material that
absorbs it.
Types of Non-Ionizing Radiation
•Ultraviolet(UV) – high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (light)
emitted by white-hot materials, such as the arc produced during arc-
welding.

•Visiblelight – electromagnetic radiation between the UV and IR

frequencies and visible to the human eye.

•Infrared(IR) – lower-frequency electromagnetic radiation (light) emitted

by red-hot materials, such as molten metal being poured into castings.

•Microwaves – lower-frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by a

microwave generator.

•Radio waves – lower-frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by an

antenna.
 Health Effects
 UV – this can cause redness and burns to the skin (e.g. sunburn), pain
and inflammation to the surface of the eye leading to temporary
blindness (often called ‘arc-eye’ or ‘snow-blindness’), increased risk of
skin cancer, cancer of the eye and premature aging of the skin.

 Visible light – this can cause temporary blindness if intense (disability

glare) and permanent eye damage and skin burns if very intense (e.g. a
high-powered laser).

 IR – this can cause redness and burns to the skin and development of
cataracts over time.

 Microwaves – these are absorbed and cause internal heating. High

doses cause internal organ damage and could be fatal.

 Radio waves – these are absorbed and cause internal heating in the
same way as microwaves.
Types of Ionizing Radiation
 Alpha particles – these are emitted by radioactive material but
cannot travel very far through air or thin materials such as paper
or skin; they are not very penetrating.

 Beta particles – these are emitted by radioactive materials and

are more penetrating.

 X-rays – a ray of high-energy electromagnetic radiation (light)

emitted by an X-ray set (generator). They are very penetrating.

 Gamma-rays – a ray of very high-energy electromagnetic energy

(light) emitted by some radioactive substances and are very
penetrating.

 Neutrons – these particles are emitted by certain types of

radioactive material and are very penetrating.
 Health Effects
 Acute effects of exposure to high doses of ionizing
radiation include:
o Sickness and diarrhea.
o Hair loss.
o Anemia, due to red blood cell damage.
o Reduced immune system due to white blood cell damage.
o All of the cells of the body are affected by the radiation, but
some more so than others. If the dose is large enough, then
death will follow in weeks, days or hours.

 Chronic effects of exposure to ionizing radiation

include:
o Cancer.
o Genetic mutations.
o Birth defects.
Basic Radiation Protection
Strategies
 Radiation exposure should be eliminated so far as is reasonably
practicable.

 Where complete elimination is not possible, then exposure

should be reduced to the lowest level reasonably practicable.

 Employee exposure must not exceed the relevant radiation dose

limits.

 Exposure must be risk-assessed by a competent person.

 Training and information must be given to the potentially

affected employees.

 Health surveillance may be necessary for exposed employees.

Radiation video
Thank you
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