UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ASIA

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
JAHANGIR'S TOMB
SHAHADRA TOWN LAHORE.

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

AR RUBINA AMIN AHMAR NIAZI
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE. ATTIYA JAMIL
ANAM ABID
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
No words are enough to thank ALLAH for all His
favors.
There are countless people, interactions, and
experiences which inspired my interest in this topic.
For all these I am grateful. I would like to thank my
parents for their moral support.
This report has been developed based on
information from different sources, the main source
is the survey of walled city and interviewing the
residents and shop
owners of walled city.
I would thank Mam Rubina for her guidance in
formulating my research.
Most of all I am indebted to the people of Jahangir's
Tomb, in particular the interviewees who despite
their suspicion of why an 'outsider was taking so
much interest in a place they call theirs, treated me
with warmth and
generosity and allowed me a glimpse of how they
run their daily lives.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER NO.1: INTRODUCTION:

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO JAHANGIRS TOMB
1.2 AREA SELECTED TO SURVEY
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

CHAPTER NO.2: HYSTROCIAL BACK

GROUND:
2.1 HISTORY OF JAHANGIRS TOMB
2.2 IMPORTANCE OF JAHANGIRS TOMB
2.3 CULTURE OF JAHANGIRS TOMB
2.4 ROLE OF CULTURE IN DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER NO.3: ANALYSIS FROM SURVEY.
3.1 MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION TYPE.

3.2 METHODS OF GATHERING DATA..

3.3 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS.

3.4 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION.

3.5 RESIDENTS INTERVIEWS 3.6 CONCLUSIONS.

Research methodology report.
Eight steps for research

1] Formulating a research problem

2] Conceptualizing a research design

3) Constructing an instrument for data collection

4] Selecting a sample

5] Writing a research purposely

6] Collecting data

7] Processing data

8] Writing a research report

 JAHANGIR'S TOMB
(built 1627-37)

The tomb of Jahangir is located in Shahdara, a suburb of Lahore to

the northwest of the city. The area had been a favorite spot of
Jahangir and his wife Nur Jahan when they resided in Lahore, and
the area was commonly used as a point of departure for travels to
and from Kashmir and Lahore. When Jahangir died in 1627 he
may have initially been buried in Shahdara in one of its many
gardens. His son, Shah Jahan, ordered that a mausoleum befitting
an Emperor be built as a permanent memorial.
 JAHANGIR'S TOMB
(built 1627-37)

1.2 AREA SELECTED TO SURVEY.

Construction of the mausoleum lasted 10 years, from 1627 to 37,
and was probably funded by the imperial treasury (though there is
some evidence that Jahangir's wife, Nur Jahan, may have financed
the construction). It occupies a vast quadrangle measuring 600 gaz
(approximately 500 meters) to a side and is subdivided into four
chahar baghs (four-part gardens).

A fountain occupies the center of each of the chahar baghs and the
avenues in between, creating a ring of 8 fountains around the central
tomb. Water for the fountains was supplied by wells outside of the
garden and raised into channels atop of the walls using water wheels
that are no longer extant. From there, the water flowed through terra
cotta pipes and into the fountains, whereupon the water cascaded
into shallow channels running throughout the garden.
 JAHANGIR'S TOMB
(built 1627-37)

The mausoleum itself is square in plan and exactly 100 gaz to a

side. Except for the four corner minarets the layout is entirely
horizontal with a flat roof covering the whole of the structure. It
is likely that this derived from the example set by Jahangir's
grandfather, Babur, who preferred burial in a tomb open to the
sky in keeping with Sunni Islam precident. Both Jahangir and
Shah Jahan would have been familiar with Babur's tomb garden
in Kabul in which Babur's wishes were carried out--a screen was
erected around the grave site but the cenotaph was not roofed
over. At Jahangir's tomb, a compromise of sorts was arrived at by
raising a roof over the cenotaph but not constructing any
monumental embellishments such as domes. This design was
apparently not very popular as it was replicated only once for
the tomb of Nur Jahan, Jahangir's wife, at her tomb garden also
in Shahdara. Shah Jahan himself was buried in the Taj Mahal, a
monument renowned for its use of domes as architectural
elements.
 QUESTIONAIRE FOR THE FOLLOWING
AUTHORITY.

1-What was the time period of construction and completion of the

Tomb?
____________________________________________________.
2-What about the Architecture style of the tomb?

____________________________________________________.
3-What is the impact of the time on the structure?

_____________________________________________________.
4- What is the impact of Sikh Invasion on the Jahangir tomb?

____________________________________________________.
5-Difference of the material from the surroundings?

____________________________________________________.
6-Where did this brick, lime, Marble come from?

____________________________________________________.
7-Which are the surrounded buildings in the complex?

_____________________________________________________.
8-What are the building materials used in the surroundings?

____________________________________________________.
9-Who ordered to built the tomb?

____________________________________________________.
10-What were the materials that were used in the construction of
the tomb?

____________________________________________________.
 QUESTIONAIRE FOR THE FOLLOWING
AUTHORITY.

11- Who was the designer and the Architect?

____________________________________________________.
12- This tomb was designed for how many emperors tombs?

____________________________________________________.
13- When was this tomb preserved & which Government
Institute preserved it?

____________________________________________________.
14- When was it considered as a part of world heritage site?

____________________________________________________.
15- When did its conservation started and completed?

_____________________________________________________.

16- What was the impact of British era and sikh era on the
tomb?

_____________________________________________________.
 QUESTIONAIRE FOR TOURISTS/PUBLIC

1-What is your name? which means of transport you use to come?

_______________________________________________________
2-What is your professional activities?

_______________________________________________________
3-Which city or country you came from?

_______________________________________________________
4-What is the purpose of your visit?

_______________________________________________________
5-How many times have you visited the tomb?

_______________________________________________________
6-Did you ever see the Jahangir tomb before?

_______________________________________________________
7-How many times have you visited the tomb?

_______________________________________________________
.
8-Do you know special characteristics of the tomb?

_______________________________________________________
9-What is your openion about the tomb of jahangir?

_______________________________________________________
10- How can we improve the tourism any suggestions?
Q: What is the reason of lack of tourism?
Reason of less tourists
5
4
3
2
1
0
lack of recreational
facilities activity

Q: What are the things that majorly affect the tomb’s structure?

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
people flood rain material
detoriate

Q: At which year major flood came that retain water for 5 days at
10 ‘ height?

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1977 1988 1999 2009
Q: What is the ratio of tourists in summer and winter?

winter autumn spring summer

Q: What is the ratio of visitors in city and out of city?

Ratio of tourists
5
4
3
2
1
0
out of city within city

Q: Which era affect the more tomb’s structure?

British era Sikh peiod Present era

 HISTORY/IMPORTANCE

LOCATION:
The tomb is located in the outskirts of Lahore in a place called
Shahdara. The place was chosen for his tomb because Jahangir
along with his wife Nur Jahan was in love with the place at the
time they were living in the city.

Architecture:
The entrance to the tomb is through 2 massive gates made of
stone and masonry. Both the gateways face each other in the
opposite direction in the north and south directions of the
mausoleum. After the entrance, you will reach Akbari Sarai
squared enclosure. It further leads to another enclosure towards
the western side which enables the visitors to have a full view of
the gardens. Then further down are the bricked canals in which a
number of fountains were there but ruined completely a few years
back.
 Painting of the Mughal
Period.
Mughal miniature painting was a blend of Persian and Indian
styles that developed in Mughal courts between the 16th and
19th centuries.

Overview: Mughal Painting

Mughal painting is a style of South Asian miniature painting that
developed in the courts of the Mughal Emperors between the
16th and 19th centuries. It emerged from the Persian miniature
painting tradition with additional Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain
influences. Mughal painting usually took the form of book
illustrations or single sheets preserved in albums. There are four
periods commonly associate with Mughal art, each named for
the emperor under whom the art form developed: the Akbar
Period, the Jahangir Period, the Shah Jahan Period, and the
Aurangzeb Period.
Miniature: A small,
highly detailed painting
or portrait.
Atelier: A workshop or
studio meant for an
artist, designer, or
fashion house.
 ELEMENTS OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE

MAIN CONSTRUCTION ELEMENT :

The main characteristic features of Mughal architecture are :

The bulbous domes, the slender minarets with cupolas at the four
corners, large halls, massive gateways and delicate
ornamentation.

• White marble and red sandstone was favored.

• Semi-precious gemstones were popular (jade, crystal, etc.)
• Used arches sparingly.
• Symmetry and balance stressed.
• Used octagons a lot.
• The buildings wore a look of grace, beauty, grandeur and
richness.
• Red stone was substituted by White Mrbles and Precious
Stones.
• The Pietra Dura style became a popular feature of this period.
•squared stone and marble was replaced by brick or rubble with
stucco ornament at the time of Aurangzeb.
 ELEMENTS OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE

Exterior:
From the building rise four octagonal ornamental minarets
projecting from each corner of the building, decorated with
geometric inlaid stone. The use of minarets, absent from early
Mughal commissions, reflects a renewed interest in Timurid
architecture from Central Asia during the reign of Jahangir.The
minarets are divided into three sections, with the tomb forming
the base, upon which the body of the minaret rests, called by
white marble cupolas. The minarets rise to a height of 100 feet.

Interior:
The burial chamber contains the Emperor's cenotaph.
The mausoleum building is divided into a series of vaulted
compartments which are richly embellished with Mughal buon
fresco. Carved jali screens admit light in various patterns facing
toward Mecca.
 MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION

MATERIALS: MATERIALS:
RED STONE. ORGANIC PAINTS.
WHITE MARBLE. LIME PLASTER.
BRICKS. IRON.
LIME STONE. WOOD.
STONES.
 Restoration Method for the Facade of
Jahangir’s Tomb.

Techniques & Process:

The method of restoration is documented here and
the series of work process involves following
steps:

Selection of Target Area:

After identification of causes of
decay and condition
of deteriorated parts of building,
the first step is to
fix the priority that which stone
member(s) need
immediate replacement. A
complete documentation
is essential before restoration, in
the form of
photographs, drawings, video etc
(Figure 2).
Detailed measurements are
necessary for
preparation of new stone
members for restoration
work
 Restoration Method for the Facade of
Jahangir’s Tomb.

Selection of Stone:
While selecting the similar
type of stone, it is also
necessary that the selected
stone should have similar
strength, colour, texture etc

Cutting of Stone:
The traditional way of
cutting the stone is by
means
of wedge chisels (chhanies)
and hammer. This
technique is called “Turan”.
A cotton thread
(sooter), coloured with
grinded coal is used to mark
line at required points, from
where the stone has to
be cut.

Tempering and Shaping

the Tools:
Tempering is a mean of
achieving particular
hardness in cutting edge
and shaping the tool
according to requirements,
by a process of heating
to red hot and controlled
cooling
 Restoration Method for the Facade of
Jahangir’s Tomb.

Rough Chiseling:
First step of dressing the
stone is rough chiseling,
which is done to make the
surface roughly even.
The technique is called
“Payta Karna”

Carving of Stone:
Carving of stone is done
with the help of different
kind and sizes of chisels
called nurgies, flat takla,
pointed takla, bhampra,
dachah etc
 CONCLUSION.
The examination and analysis reveals that the building is in acute need of
structural stability, instead of its face lifting. The efforts should be shifted
from restoration work to regular maintenance of building. Regular pointing
and grouting is necessary to strengthen the structure. The structural
problem of north-west minaret needs expert’s investigation before taking
any remedial measure.

Prime cause of deterioration is salinity in masonry due to capillary action,

which needs specific control measure to prolong the life of monument. It is
not only creating structural problems but also damaging the decoration
details of mosaic work and fresco.

Mechanical vibrations transmitted to the subsoil by heavy traffic, road and

railway, have proved to be destructive for the historic building.

Due to inadequate number of guards, un-authorized visitors are very

common. The visitors damage the monuments by writing on walls,
climbing with different elements of building, playing cricket etc.

Poor conservation is the result of lack of technical knowledge, regarding

restoration work. Repairs are often done inexpertly or using unsuitable
materials, which react un-favorably with the original material.

Man-made causes which include willful destruction, neglect, atmospheric

pollution, vibration, wear and tear by visitors and use of poor conservation
techniques.

Biological and Micro-biological causes.

Jahangir’s Tomb hit by the flood

during 1988 flood.

Damaged mosaic on dado due to

capillary action of water .

Cracks, in floor of main entrance due to

settlement, are visible.
 CONCLUSION.
The Punjab government has transferred the administrative control
of the tombs of Mughal Emperor Jahangir and his wife Empress
Noor Jahan to the Walled City of Lahore Authority for conservation,
preservation and better tourism mechanism.

The Tomb of Emperor Jahangir was built in 1637 in Shahdara.

Its marble was plundered during theSikh erain 18th century for use
at theGolden Temple in Amritsar.

Born in 1569 to Emperor Akbar, Jahangir was extremely ambitious

for power.

Jahangir was also extremely interested in the wonders of Persian

culture.

Jahangir passed away near Kashmir in 1627.

Sikh army took over Lahore, they started destroying many beautiful
pieces of art in the inner chambers.

Jahangir’s Tomb started to get rebuilt. In 1889, the British began

the long work of restoring this historic area to its former glory.

The entire tomb complex measures 500 meters and is divided into
three main areas: the exterior, the gardens, and the inner
chambers.

Jahangir’s central tomb is located in an octagonal chamber that

measures around eight meters in diameter.

While inside the central tomb area, be sure to pause and marvel at
the Mughals’ world-renowned frescoes and tile-work.
THANK YOU.