DIAGRAM FASA

(PHASE DIAGRAM)

Lukhi Mulia S
Definisi dan Konsep Dasar

Sistem

Komponen

fasa
Definisi dan Konsep Dasar
• Komponen : unsur atau senyawa yang terdapat didalam
sistem.
• Fasa : bagian homogen dari suatu sistem yang memiliki
sifat fisik dan kimia yang seragam.
Batas kelarutan (solubility limit)

• Konsentrasi makismal suatu solute yang larut dalam solven

• Contoh : sistem larutan air-gula (C12H22O11-H2O)
Batas kelarutan maksimal gula didalam air adalah 65%wt pada
suhu 20°C
Sehingga
- Jika komponen < 65wt% gula : sirup
- Jika komponen > 65wt% gula : sirup + kristal gula
• batas kelarutan meningkat dengan kenaikan temperatur
sugar–water (C12H22O11-H2O ) system.

sugar

Saturated syrup
water
Excess
sugar
 solubility limit

Figure 9.1 The solubility of sugar (C12H22O11) in sugar–

water syrup.
Effect of Temperature (T) & Composition (Co)
• Changing T can change # of phases: See path A to B.
• Changing Co can change # of phases: See path B to D.
B (100°C,70) D (100°C,90)
1 phase 2 phases
100

80 L
Temperature (°C)

(liquid)
water- 60 +
sugar L S
system (liquid solution (solid
40 i.e, syrup) sugar)
20 A (20°C,70)
2 phases
Source : 0
www.d.umn.edu/~rlind 0 20 40 60 70 80 100
ek1/ME2105/Phase%
20Equilibrium_Ch9_F0 Co =Composition (wt% sugar)
9.ppt
 ONE-COMPONENT (OR UNARY)
PHASE DIAGRAMS/DIAGRAM FASA SISTEM SATU KOMPONEN

• Komposisi konstan (pure substance)

• Ditentukan dalam tekanan P dan temperatur T tertentu.
ONE-COMPONENT (OR UNARY)
PHASE DIAGRAMS/DIAGRAM FASA SISTEM SATU
KOMPONEN
• three different phases— solid,
liquid, and vapor
• aO : equilibrium between solid
and vapor phases
• bO : solid-liquid
• cO : liquid-vapor
• At 1 atm during heating the
solid phase transform to the
lquid phase (point 2)
• Liquid-vapor phase (point 3)
• And, finally, solid ice sublimes
or vaporizes upon crossing the
curve labeled aO.
Binary Phase Diagrams (Diagram Fasa Dua
Komponen)
• Variabel : temperatur, komposisi, dan tekanan
• Terdapat 3 daerah fasa yaitu :
- daerah α
- daerah L
-α+L
Figure 9.3 (a) The copper–nickel phase diagram (Adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash,
Editor, 1991. Reprinted by permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.)
INTERPRETATION OF PHASE DIAGRAMS

three kinds of information are available in the binary system

:
1) the phases that are present
2) the compositions of these phases
3) the percentages or fractions of the phases
Determination of Phases Present
• For example, an alloy of composition 60 wt% Ni–40 wt%
Cu at 1100°C would be located at point A in Figure
9.3a;since this is within the α region, only the single phase
will be present.
• On the other hand, a 35 wt% Ni–65 wt% Cu alloy at
1250°C (point B) will consist of both α and liquid phases
at equilibrium.
Determination of Phases Present

T(ºC)
• Examples:
1600
A(1100ºC, 60 wt% Ni): L (liquid)
1 phase: a

B (1250ºC,35)
1500
Cu-Ni
B(1250ºC, 35 wt% Ni): 1400 phase
2 phases: L + a diagram
1300 a
(FCC solid
1200
solution)
1100 A(1100ºC,60)

1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
Source :
www.engr.mun.ca/~asharan/courses/5911
_LECTURES/ch09.ppt
Determination of Phase Compositions

• Examples: Cu-Ni
T(ºC) system

TA A
Consider C0 = 35 wt% Ni tie line
At TA = 1320ºC: 1300 L (liquid)
Only Liquid (L) present B
CL = C0 ( = 35 wt% Ni) TB
a
At TD = 1190ºC:
1200 D (solid)
Only Solid (a) present TD
Ca = C0 ( = 35 wt% Ni)
20 3032 35 4043 50
At TB = 1250ºC: CL C0 Ca wt% Ni
Both a and L present Source :
www.engr.mun.ca/~asharan/courses/5911_
CL = C liquidus ( = 32 wt% Ni) LECTURES/ch09.ppt
Ca = C solidus ( = 43 wt% Ni)
Determination of Phase Amounts
• If only one phase is present, the alloy is composed
entirely of that phase; that is, the phase fraction is 1.0 or,
alternatively, the percentage is 100%.
• If the composition and temperature position is located
within a two-phase region  lever rule expression
lever rule expression
Lever rule expression for
computation Lever rule expression for computation
of liquid mass fraction of α-phase mass fraction

𝑆 𝑅
𝑊𝐿 = 𝑊𝛼 =
𝑅+𝑆 𝑅+𝑆

𝐶𝛼 − 𝐶0
𝑊𝐿 =
𝐶0 − 𝐶𝐿 + 𝐶𝛼 − 𝐶0 𝐶0 − 𝐶𝐿
𝑊α =
𝐶0 − 𝐶𝐿 + 𝐶𝛼 − 𝐶0
𝐶𝛼 − 𝐶0
𝑊𝐿 = 𝐶0 − 𝐶𝐿
𝐶𝛼 − 𝐶𝐿 𝑊𝛼 =
𝐶𝛼 − 𝐶𝐿
Determination of Phase Amounts

• Examples: Cu-Ni
T(°C) system
Co = 35 wt% Ni TA A
tie line
At T A : Only Liquid (L) 1300 L (liquid)
W L = 100 wt%, W a = 0 B
At T D: Only Solid ( a) TB R S
a
W L = 0, Wa = 100 wt%
1200 D (solid)
At T B : Both a and L TD
20 3032 35 40 43 50
S 43  35
WL    73 wt % CLCo Ca wt% Ni
R +S 43  32
Source :
R www.d.umn.edu/~rlindek1/ME2105/Phase%2
Wa  = 27 wt% 0Equilibrium_Ch9_F09.ppt
R +S
Contoh
• Tentukan komposisi fasa α dan L paduan 35 wt% Ni – 65
wt% Cu pada suhu 1250°C.
Penyelesaian :
• Pada Fig. 9.3b diperoleh C0 = 35 wt% Ni, Cα = 42,5
wt% Ni dan CL = 31,5 wt% Ni
𝐶𝛼 − 𝐶0
𝑊𝐿 =
𝐶𝛼 − 𝐶𝐿

42,5−35
• 𝑊𝐿 = = 0,68
42,5−31,5

𝐶0 −𝐶𝐿
 𝑊𝛼 =
𝐶𝛼 −𝐶𝐿
35−31,5
 𝑊𝛼 = = 0,32
42,5−31,5
 21

Ex: Cooling of a Cu-Ni Alloy

• Phase diagram: T(ºC) L (liquid) L: 35wt%Ni
Cu-Ni system. Cu-Ni
• Consider 130 0 system
A
microstuctural L: 35 wt% Ni
changes that a: 46 wt% Ni B
35 46
accompany the 32 C 43
cooling of a
24 D L: 32 wt% Ni
C0 = 35 wt% Ni alloy 36
A (1300°C) a: 43 wt% Ni
120 0 E
B (1260°C) L: 24 wt% Ni
C 1250°C) a: 36 wt% Ni
a
D (1220°C) (solid)

110 0
Source : 20 30 35 40 50
www.engr.mun.ca/~ashar
an/courses/5911_LECTU
C0 wt% Ni
RES/ch09.ppt.
BINARY EUTECTIC SYSTEMS
• three single-phase regions : α,, and L
• A liquid phase tranformed into the two solid α and  phases is
called eutectic reaction
• The eutectic reaction can be written as follows:
 BINARY EUTECTIC SYSTEMS

CE : the eutectic composition

TE : the eutectic temperature

Figure 9.7 The copper–silver phase diagram. [Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd
edition, Vol. 1, T. B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. Reprinted by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.]
 24

EX 1: Pb-Sn Eutectic System

• For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 150ºC, determine:
-- the phases present Pb-Sn
T(ºC)
Answer: a +  system
-- the phase compositions
300
Answer: Ca = 11 wt% Sn L (liquid)
C = 99 wt% Sn
a L+ a
-- the relative amount 200 183ºC L+ 
of each phase 18.3 61.9 97.8
Answer: 150
S C - C0 R S
100
W =
R+S
=
C - Ca a + 
a
99 - 40 59
= = = 0.67
99 - 11 88 0 11 20 40 60 80 99100
C0 - Ca Ca C0 C, wt% Sn C
W = R =
R+S C - Ca Source :
www.d.umn.edu/~rlindek1/ME
40 - 11 29 2105/Phase%20Equilibrium_
= = = 0.33 Ch9_F09.ppt
99 - 11 88
Exercise
• Cite the phases that are present and the phase compositions for the following
alloys:
• 15 wt% Sn–85 wt% Pb at 100°C
THE GIBBS PHASE RULE
P+F=C+N
• P is the number of phases present
• F is the number of degrees of freedom or the number of externally
controlled variables (e.g., temperature, pressure, composition)
• C is the number of components in the system.
• N is the number of noncompositional variables (e.g., temperature and
pressure).
Tekanan konstan ( 1 atm), N = 1
P+F=C+1
jumlah komponen, C = 2 ( Cu and Ag)
P+F=2+1=3
F=3–P
jika ada satu fasa,
maka P = 1
F=3–P
F = 3 -1 = 2
jika ada 2 fasa maka
F=3–P=3–2=1
Jika ada 3 fasa, maka
F=3–P=3–3=0
Diagram fasa dasar dari sistem dua
komponen
1. Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan membentuk
eutektik dengan kelarutan padat terbatas. Contoh
Sistim paduan timah-timbal
Diagram fasa dasar dari sistem dua
komponen
2. Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan membentuk
eutektik dengan komponen murni
3. Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan dalam keadaan
padat
A dan B larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan dalam
keadaan padat untukk setiap komposisi
4. Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan mempunyai
senyawa dengan titik maksimum
Cairan e1 = fasa padat A + fasa AmBn
Cairan e2 = fasa AmBn + fasa padat B
5. larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan mempunyai senyawa
dengan titik peritektik

Cairan c + kristal primer B (d)  senyawa AmBn

6. Larut sempurna dalam keadaan cair dan mempunyai peritektik
dengan kelarutan terbatas

Kristal primer (d) + cairan c  larutan padat α(p)

7. Pemisahan dua fasa cairan
Cairan L2 (m)  cairan L1(c) + fasa padat (d)