Elective 1 (Earthquake Engineering)

 STIFFNESS (K) is the ability of a component or an assembly of components to

resist deformations when subjected to actions. It is expressed as the ratio between
action and deformation at a given level of either of the two quantities and the
corresponding value of the other.
 STRENGTH (V) is the capacity of a component or an assembly of components for
load resistance at a given response station. It represents both action resistance and
the ability to endure deformation, or deformation capacity.
 DUCTILITY (µ) is the ability of a component or an assembly of components to
deform beyond the elastic limit. It is expressed as the ratio between a maximum
value of a deformation quantity and the same quantity at the yield limit state.
 Material Properties
 Section Properties
 Member Properties
 Connection Properties
 System Properties
Typical response curve for structural systems subjected to horizontal loads
 Demand is the action or deformation imposed on a component or an assembly of
components when subjected to earthquake ground motion. This demand is not
constant.
 Supply is the action or deformation capacity of a component or an assembly of
components when subjected to earthquake ground motion. Therefore, the supply
represents the response of the structure to the demand.
 Capacity Design employs a mixture of members with high load capacity and
members with high inelastic deformation capacity to optimize the response of the
structural system.
 Direct Design employs the dimensioning of individual components to resist the
locally evaluated actions with no due consideration to the action - redistribution
effects in the system as a whole.
 Stiffness defines the relationship between actions and deformations of a structure
and its components. Whereas member stiffness is a function of section properties,
length and boundary conditions, system stiffness is primarily a function of the
lateral resisting mechanisms utilized.
 The stiffness of beam - to - column connections influences also the natural period
of vibration (T in seconds) of framed structures, where T is expressed as:

𝑚
(0.85−180)
𝑇 = 0.085𝐻 (semi-rigid, 5 < m < 18)

𝑇 = 0.085𝐻 3/4 (rigid)

 Strength defines the capacity of a member or an assembly of members to resist
actions. The strength of the member is defined as its load resistance at the
attainment of the target strain.
 Strength is generally associated with the control of structural damage. Strength
failure may be caused by the accumulation of stresses beyond the capacity of
materials, members and connections in the structure. The occurrence of damage in
structural components can also be associated with the onset of target values of
strains, curvatures, rotations, inter - storey drifts and global drift.
 Ductility is defined as the ability of a material, component, connection or structure
to undergo inelastic deformations with acceptable stiffness and strength reduction.
Brittle systems fail after reaching their strength limit at very low inelastic
deformations.
 The general analytical definition of displacement ductility is given as:

∆𝑢
∆𝑦
 Types of Ductility
 Material ductility ( με ) characterizes material plastic deformations.
 Section ductility (μχ ) relates to plastic deformations of cross sections.
 Member ductility ( μθ ) quantifies plastic rotations that can take place in structural
components such as beams and columns. This type of ductility is often also used for
connections between structural members.
 Structural ductility ( μδ ) is a global measure of the inelastic performance of structural
sub - assemblages or systems subjected to horizontal loads.
Material of construction Brittle failure modes
Reinforced Concrete - Buckling of reinforcement bars
- Bond or anchorage failure
- Member shear failure
Masonry - Out - of - plane bending failure
- Global buckling of walls
- Sliding shear
Structural Steel - Fracture of welds and/or parent material
- Bolt shear or tension failure
- Member buckling
- Member tension failure
- Member shear failure
 The ‘attenuation’ of earthquake ground motions is an important consideration in
estimating ground - motion parameters for assessment and design purposes.
Ground - motion models (or attenuation relationships) are analytical expressions
describing ground - motion variation with magnitude, source distance and site
condition, which account for the mechanisms of energy loss of seismic waves
during their travel through a path.
 Attenuation relationships permit the estimation of both the ground motion at a site
from a specified event and the uncertainty associated with the prediction.
 Relationships based on peak ground - motion parameters (peak ground
acceleration, PGA; peak ground velocity, PGV; peak ground displacement, PGD)
and spectral acceleration, velocity and displacement parameters ( Sa , Sv and Sd ),
are generally employed in structural earthquake engineering.
 Closed - form relationships between PGA and relevant intensity scales have been
established in Japan and in the USA.
𝑃𝐺𝐴 = 0.25 ∙ 100.50(𝐼𝐽𝑀𝐴)
𝑃𝐺𝐴 = 0.91 ∙ 100.31(𝐼𝑀𝑀 )
𝑃𝐺𝐴 = 1.02 ∙ 100.30(𝐼𝑀𝑀 )
𝑃𝐺𝑉 = 0.23 ∙ 100.25(𝐼𝑀𝑀 )

Where PGA and PGV is in 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 and 𝑐𝑚/𝑠, respectively

 The form of the equation to predict horizontal peak ground accelerations PGAh is as
follows:
log(𝑃𝐺𝐴)ℎ = −0.659 + 0.202𝑀𝑠 − 0.0238𝑑 + 0.020𝑆𝐴 + 0.029𝑆𝑠

Where PGAh is in 𝑚/𝑠 2

NOTE:
1.) Calculate the natural period of vibration of a rigid frame with a height of 12 m.
2.) Assuming that a building is semi-rigid with m=7, calculate the natural period of
vibration of a building that is 30 m high.
3.) An area was hit with an earthquake that is intensity VI in the JMA scale. What is the
peak ground acceleration?
4.) Referring to no. 3, calculate the PGA and PGV if the scale used was Modified
Mercalli.
5.) Calculate the horizontal peak ground acceleration with a surface wave magnitude
of 7.8, an epicentral distance of 80 km on a stiff soil.
6.) If a building stands on a ground that was hit with shear waves that has a velocity
of 195 m/s, calculate the horizontal PGA if natural period of vibration is 0.718 s,
amplitude is 18 microns, Δ is 65° and the earthquake has an epicentral distance of 93
km.