NEGATIONS

 The definition of negations is a propositions is denoted by

EXAMPLE . State the negation of the following propositions.

𝑥−1
 Solutions: n1: p(x)= is a polynomial function is not a polynomial function.
𝑥+2

n2: 2 is not an odd number

n3: The tinikling is not the most difficult dance
 𝑥−1
Solutions: n1: p(x)= is not a polynomial function
𝑥+2
n2: 2 is not an odd number
n3: The tinikling is not the most difficult dance
n4: Not everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano

The truth table/Value tells us that when p is true, its negation p

is false.
On the other hand, when p is false, the negation p is true.
 KINDS OF COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS
 Conjunction- is a compound The conjunction p q is true only when both conjuct
propositions which consists of p and q are true as shown in its truth value.
two propositions joined by the
connective “and” or denoted p ^
q
 Examples:
 1. 9 is divisible by 3 and 4 is an
odd number.
 2. Lapu-Lapu and Jose Rizal are
national heroes.
EXAMPLE . Let p and q be the following propositions.’

Express the following conjunctions as English sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.

Solutions: a. Angels exist and 𝜋>3

b. Angel exist and 𝜋 ≤ 3
c. (~p) ^ (~q)
d. (~p) ^ q
DISJUNCTION
The disjunction of propositions p and q is denoted by

And is defined through its truth table:

EXAMPLE. Let p, q and r be the following propositions.
p: Victor has a date with Liza.
q: Janree is sleeping.
r: Eumir is eating.

Express the following propositions in English sentences or in symbols, as the case

may be.
1. Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating
2. p^ q
3. q ^ (~r )
Solutions:
1. p ^(q^r)
2. Victor has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping.
3. Either Janree is sleeping or Eumir is not eating.
CONDITIONAL
EXAMPLE . Suppose that Geebee is a Grade 11 student. Consider the following conditionals:

p1: If Geebee is in Grade 11, then she is a senior high school student.
p2: If Geebee is in Grade 11, then she is working as a lawyer.
p3: If Geebee has a degree in Computer Science, then she believes in true love.
Analyze the truth values of these conditionals.

Solution. .

p1: `Geebee is in Grade 11' and `Geebee is a senior high school student' are both true. Since the
hypothesis and conclusion are both true, then p1 is true, as the first row of the truth table asserts.
p2: `Geebee is in Grade 11' is true and `Geebee is working as a lawyer' is false because a Grade 11 student
is not yet qualified to be a lawyer. Since the hypothesis is true but the conclusion is false, then p2 is false,
as the second row of the truth table indicates.
p3: `Geebee has a degree in Computer Science' is false because Geebee is still in Grade 11, and so cannot
not possibly have a university degree yet. On the other hand, we do not know the truth value of `Geebee
believes in true love'. However, according to the last two rows of the truth table, p3 is true regardless of
the truth value of its conclusion.
BI-CONDITIONAL
XAMPLE 9. Suppose that Geebee is a Grade 11 student. Let us now consider the following biconditionals:

p1: Geebee is in Grade 11 if and only if she is a senior high school student.
p2: Geebee is in Grade 11 if and only if she is working as a lawyer.
p3: Geebee has a degree in Computer Science if and only if she believes in true love.

Analyze the truth values of the given biconditionals.

Solution.

p1: Again, both simple components of p1 are true. Hence, the biconditional is true, according
to the first row of the truth table.
p2: Since it is true that Geebee is in Grade 11 but it is not true that Geebee is working as a
lawyer, the biconditional is false as the second row of the truth table indicates.
p3: The truth value of the biconditional p3 depends on whether Geebee believes in true love or
not. If Geebee does not believe in true love, then both components of the biconditional are
false which makes the biconditional true according to the truth table. On the other hand,
supposing Geebee believes in true love, the truth value of biconditional is false.
 Seatwork
Seatwork 1. Express the following propositions in symbols, where p, q r and s are defined as
follows.

p: Neil is a big eater.

q: Len has a big voice.
r: Jeric likes to travel.
s: Lemy likes violet.

(a) `While Len has a big voice, Neil is not a big eater.'
(b) `Jeric likes to travel or he does not.'
(c) `It is not true that Neil is a big eater and Lemy does not like violet.'
(d)`Either Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice, yet Lemy likes violet.’
(e)`If Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice, then Lemy likes violet.’
(f) `Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice if and only if Lemy likes violet and Jeric likes to
travel.’
Assignment
Seatwork 1. Express the following propositions in symbols, where p, q and r are defined as
follows.

p: Neil is a big eater.

q: Len has a big voice.
r: Jeric likes to travel.
s: Lemy likes violet.

(a) `While Len has a big voice, Neil is not a big eater.’
(b) `Jeric likes to travel or he does not.’
(c) `It is not true that Neil is a big eater and Lemy does not like violet.’
(d) `Either Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice, yet Lemy likes violet.’
(e) `If Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice, then Lemy likes violet.’
(f) `Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice if and only if Lemy likes violet and Jeric likes to
travel.’