EARTHQUAKE

ENGINEERING
WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE?
 It is a trembling or a shaking movement of the ground, caused by the
slippage or rupture of a fault within the Earth’s crust.
 It is the Earth’s natural mean of releasing stress.
EARTHQUAKE’S LOCATION/ORIGIN
THE EPICENTER
 It is the location on the surface of the earth directly above the
focus/hypocenter of an earthquake.
 A point on Earth’s surface that id directly above the focus of an
earthquake, where the shaking is strongest and most damage occurs.
 The point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus.
THE FOCUS OR HYPOCENTER
 It is the location within the earth where underground rock moves and
sends out earthquake waves.
 The point below the surface where the rock breaks.
 The point on the surface right above the focus.
 The point below Earth’s surface where the rock breaks along a fault and
energy is released.
 The point where it originated within the earth.
MAGNITUDE
 It is the most common measure of an earthquake’s size.
 Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of the
earthquake. It is determined from measurements on seismograph.
 Earthquake magnitude was traditionally measured on the Ritcher scale.
 Magnitude is a quantitative measure of the actual size of the earthquake.
INTENSITY
 It is a measure the shaking and damage caused by the earthquake, and
this value changes from location to location.
 Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by earthquake at a
certain location.
 Intensity is determined from effects on people, human structures, and
the natural environment.
 Intensity is a qualitative measure of the actual shaking at a location
during a earthquake, and is assigned as Roman Capital Numerals.
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF
EARTHQUAKE?
 Primary effects – are the immediate damage cause by the quake, such as
collapsing buildings, roads and bridges, which may kill many people.
 Secondary effects – are the after-effects of the earthquake, such as fires,
tsunami, landslide, and disease.
WHAT ARE SEISMIC WAVES?
 Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking
of rock within the earth or an explosion.
 They are the energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on
seismographs.
TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
 Body Waves

 Traveling through the interior of the earth, body waves arrive before the
surface waves emitted by an earthquake. These waves are of a higher
frequency than surface waves.
TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
 P WAVES

 The first kind of body wave is the P wave or Primary Wave.

 This is the fastest kind of seismic wave, and consequently, the first to
arrive at a seismic station.
 The P wave can move through solid rock and fluids like water or the
liquid layers of the earth.
 P waves are also known as compressional waves, because of the pushing
and pulling they do.
TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
 S WAVES

 The second type of body wave is the S wave or Secondary wave, which
is the second wave you feel in an earthquake.
 An S wave is lower than a P wave and can only move through solid rock,
not through any liquid medium.
TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
 SURFACE WAVES

 Travelling only through the crust.

 Surface waves are of a lower frequency than body waves, and are easily
distinguished on a seismogram as a result.
 Surface waves are almost entirely responsible for the damage and
destruction associated with earthquakes.
TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
 LOVE WAVES

 The first kind of surface wave is called Love wave.

 Named after A. E. H. Love, a British mathematician who worked out the
mathematical model for this kind of wave in 1911.
 It is the fastest surface wave and moves the ground from side-to-side.
 Confined to the surface of the crust, Love waves produce entirely
horizontal motion.
TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
 RAYLEIGH WAVE

 Named for John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, who mathematically

predicted the existence of this kind of wave in 1885.
 A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across the
lake or ocean.
EARTHQUAKE CATEGORIES
ACCORDING TO IT’S INTENSITY
RECORD OF EARTHQUAKES IN THE
PHILIPPINES SINCE 2000-2016 WITH A
MAGNITUDE OF 7.0 AND HIGHER
 A magnitude of 7.5 quake struck Central and Southern Mindanao on
March 5, 2002
 An earthquake with magnitude 7.6 struck 106 km near Guiuan, Eastern
Samar on August 31, 2012
 A magnitude of 7.2 earthquake struck Bohol last October 15, 2013
WHAT IS PHIVOLCS?
 Stands for Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS) is a Philippine national institution dedicated to provide
information on the activities of volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis.
WHO IS THE HEAD?
 Usec. Renato U. Solidum Jr.
 Started his career in PHIVOLCS in 1984 as a Science Research
Specialist I (SRS I)
 OIC of the Volcano Monitoring and Eruption Prediction Division from
March 1992 – February 1994.
 In 1999, he was appointed as Chief SRS of the Geology & Geophysics
Research and Development Division.
 A recognized expert in Geochemistry, Marine Geology,Volcano and
Earthquake Geology, Geologic Hazards Assessment and Awareness, and
Earth Science Education.
WHY IS IT IMPLEMENTED?
 To provide the protection of life and property and in support of
economic, productivity, and sustainable development.
HOW IT WORKS?
 Predict the occurrence of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.
 Determine how eruptions and earthquakes shall occur and also areas
likely to be affected.
 Generate sufficient data for forecasting volcanic eruptions and
earthquakes.
 Mitigate hazards of volcanic activities through appropriate detection,
forecast and warning system.
 Formulate appropriate disaster preparedness plans.
WHAT IS NDRRMC?
 Stands for National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
(NDRRMC) is the agency tasked to prepare for, and respond to, natural
calamities, like typhoons and earthquakes.
WHO IS THE HEAD?
 Former Navy Chief Alexander Pama lead the NDRRMC.
 He is the 32nd Flag Officer in Command of the Philippine Navy.
WHY IS IT IMPLEMENTED?
 To keep the country safe from disasters or minimize the impact of
disasters and ensure quick recovery afterwards.
HOW DO THEY WORK?
 The NDRRMC uses strategies to mitigate the impact of disasters and
increase the resiliency of both the national government and local
government units (LGUs) in the face of disaster.
RICHTER SCALE
MERCALLI SCALE
SEISMOGRAPH
MOMENT SCALE
 Moment magnitude (Mw) was introduced in 1979 by Hanks and
Kanamori and has since become the most commonly used method of
describing the size of a microseism.
 Moment magnitude measures the size of events in terms of how much
energy is released.
 The moment magnitude is also a more accurate scale for describing the
size of events.