Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Temperature
•Brooks Ch 22
•Astrand p 527-537
1
Outline
• Environmental Heat
– Body temp and Heat Transfer
– Exercise in Heat
– Acclimatization to Heat
• Environmental Cold
– Exercise in Cold
– Heart, muscle and metabolic responses to
cold
– hypothermia
2
3
Environmental Temperature
8
Core Temperature (Tc)
• Hypothalamic
control initiates
heat production
(shivering) or
dissipation
(evaporation) to
regulate core
temperature - fig
22-7
9
Heat Transfer
• Radiation
– heat in form of electromagnetic radiation - 60% of heat
loss at room temperature at rest
– Sun is largest source of radiant heat
• Conduction
– transfer through direct contact
– Rate of transfer depends on temperature gradient and
conductive properties of surface
• Convection - conduction to/from air or water
– Depends on body surface area exposed to surrounding
medium and the flow of that medium
– more rapid in water (~25 times)
– heat loss is much greater in wind and moving water 10
• Wind-chill index fig 22-4
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Physiological responses to Heat Gain
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Physiological responses to Heat Loss
14
15
Exercise in Heat
• Core temp
increase with
exercise
intensity
– Fig 22-9 - high
environmental
temp adds to
metabolic heat
stress of
exercise
16
17
Exercise in Heat
• Cardiovascular effects
– depends on bodies ability to dissipate heat and maintain
blood flow to active ms
• during exercise (acute)
– plasma vol dec
• Due to increased BP and loss of fluid from sweat
– decreased central blood volume results in dec filling
pressure and a compensatory increased HR
• HR increase not viable at higher intensities
– near max - vasoconstrict periphery
• To maintain BP and Q - triage
– No change in VO2 max unless subject started with a
thermal imbalance
18
Exercise in Heat
• Sweating Response
– Primary means of heat dissipation during exercise
– Sweat rate related more to exercise intensity than
environmental temperature
– Pre-cooling body prior to exercise may improve
performance
• When water lost though sweating is not replaced
dehydration occurs
• Dehydration process of body fluid loss
– Results in hypohydrated state
• Moderate levels of dehydration will impair CV and
temperature regulation - impact performance - fig 22-10
• A fluid loss of 5% of body weight will cause irritability,
fatigue and discomfort. This level of dehydration is common19
in football and distance running.
20
Fluid Balance
22
Fluid Balance
• Hyponatremia
– With excessive water replacement, + elecrolyte loss +
reduced renal blood flow due to exercise
– A severe decrease in extra-cellular sodium [ ] can result -
hyponatremia
– Can cause swelling of brain cells and death if not treated
properly
• New rehydration recommendations
– Rehydrate .4 to .8 L / hour for marathon events
– Large individuals who sweating heavily in heat at higher end of
range
– Adjust for clothing, duration and extreme conditions
– Post exercise 1.5 L for each Kg of weight loss
23
Acclimatization
• Acclimatization
– adaptations produced by a change in the natural
environment
• Acclimation
– adaptations to laboratory environment
• heat and exercise are both required for
optimal adaptational responses
• Acclimation in first 2 weeks
– dec HR, core temp, perceived exertion, skin temp at rest
and submaximal exercise
– reduce losses of minerals (sweat and urine)
24
Advanced Exercise Physiology, ACSM, 2006 25
Acclimatization
• Table 22-2
– increased plasma volume (range 3 - 27 %)
– increased sweat capacity (1.5 - 4 L per hour)
– decreased core temp at onset of sweating
– decreased skin blood flow - improved skin distribution of
sweat
– reduce losses of minerals (sweat and urine)
26
Advanced Exercise Physiology, ACSM, 2006
27
28
Individual Variation
35
CV responses in Cold
• O2 consumption
– VO2 max - unaffected by cold
• Submax VO2 increases at lower intensities (*work*)
– Due to higher heat loss
• Inc skin and ms blood flow during exercise in any temperature
• Greater thermal gradient in the cold results in greater heat loss
– Wet clothing in wind - 15-20% higher VO2 requirements
• Table 22-1 - exercise in cold
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CV responses in Cold
37
Exercise in Cold
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Exercise in Cold
• Heart
– Cold - peripheral vasoconstriction - Inc central blood
volume - inc BP
– Arrythmias - increase in cold
– Inc afferent impulses to hypothalamus and
cardiovascular control center
– Increase adrenal epinephrine
– Ventricular fibrillation - leading cause of death in people
with hypothermia
40
What happens to our hands in the cold
• Due to
reduced blood
flow, very little
heat input to
the hand
remains
• Essentially the
same effect as
occlusion
42
Cold Exposure
• Muscle strength
• Muscle strength and peak power decrease as
muscle temp decreases - dec enzyme activity
– May require increase motor unit recruitment to
compensate for reduced output
– May also see reduced muscle blood flow
– Combine to increase lactate production and reduce its
clearance - early fatigue
43
Cold Exposure
44
45
Advanced Environmental Exercise Physiology, Human Kinetics, 2010
Cold Exposure
• Endurance work with the hands show the best performance
at a muscle temp of 28 ºC - decrements below this temp
• Max power and contraction speed requires an optimal
temperature of 38 ºC
• Manual dexterity
– Reduced with decreased temperature
– Dec nerve conduction velocity (afferents and efferents)
– joint stiffness - plays major role
– Observe decrease in manual dexterity below skin temp of 20 ºC (27
ºC intra-articular temperature
– Strong decrease below 15 ºC skin (24 ºC intra-articular temperature
46
Cold Exposure
• Metabolic Changes
• Increased use of carbohydrates during exercise in the cold
– Muscle glycogen reduced faster in light exercise - augments
increase in lactate
– Prolonged exposure - hypoglycemia
• Suppresses shivering (threshold -.5 Celsius lower
• Accelerates hyopthermia
• Fat metabolism depressed even with catecholamine rise
– may be due to reduced subcutaneous circulation
• These problems are compounded by fatigue, sleeplessness
and underfeeding
47
Acclimatization to cold
• Shivering threshold
• Maintain temperature without shivering, or with less shivering
– Experiment - three week exposure - inc thyroid hormone - tissues more
sensitive to Nor epinephrine and Epinephrine
– Uncoupled ox phosphorylation
– Heat released without ATP formed
– Leptin - released from Adipose
– Stimulates Sympathetic NS
• Sleeping Ability in the cold - Depends on non shivering thermogensis
– Aborigines (Australia) - vasoconstriction of periphery - sleep in cold
without covering
• Temperature of hands and Feet
– Unacclimatized - temperature decreases progressively
– Acclimatization - temperature maintained
– Intermittent vasodilation in periphery
• Hunting response - CIVD (cold induced vasodilation) 48
– Habituation as well, become more tolerant
At a certain skin temperature, AVA’s in the hand open and blood flows through
the hand increasing hand temperature. Once hand temperature increases, AVA’s
close
- cyclic behaviour
• Core Temperatures
• Mild - 32-35 ºC
• Moderate - 28 - 32 ºC
• Severe - below 28 ºC
• Hypothalamus ceases to control body temp at
extremely low temperatures (< 30 ºC)
– CNS depressed
– Lose ability to shiver
– Sleepiness - - -> coma
– Reduced metabolic rate --> dec temperature
50
51
Hypothermia
• Cardiovascular
– Central blood volume decrease
– Exacerbated by
• inadequate fluid intake
• Plasma sequestration
• Cold diuresis
• Hypothermia is possible during endurance exercise events
– Heat loss greater than production
– Glycogen depletion - blood glucose declines, CNS functioning
declines
52