Transport Layer Protocols

Copyright © 2019 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Foreword
 The transport layer is associated with the end-to-end behavior of transport
layer protocols that are defined once data reaches the intended destination.
TCP and UDP represent the protocols commonly supported within IP
networks. The characteristics of data, such as sensitivity to delay and the
need for reliability often determines the protocols used at the transport
layer. This section focuses on the knowledge of how such characteristics
are supported through the behavior of each protocol.

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 Objectives
 Upon completion of this section, you will be able to:
 Describe the common differences between TCP and UDP.

 Describe the forms of data to which TCP and UDP are applied.

 Identify well known TCP and UDP based port numbers.

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 Transmission Control Protocol

Host A TCP Connection Host B

Request Reply

 A connection is established before data is sent.

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 TCP Ports
Host A HTTP Server

S:1027 D:80 Data S:80 D:1027 Data

Protocol Port
FTP 20 - 21
HTTP 80
TELNET 23

SMTP 25

 Ports represent individual services such as those listed above.

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 TCP Header

IP TCP Header Data

0 15 31

Source Port Destination Port

Sequence Number

20bytes Acknowledge Number

Header NC E U A P R S F
Resv. S W C R C S S Y I Window
Length R E G K HT NN

Checksum Urgent Pointer

Options Padding

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 TCP Connection Establishment
Host A Server A

 A TCP connection is established after a three-way handshake.

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 TCP Transmission Process
Host A Server A

Send 1,2,3

Acknowledge 4
Send 4,5,6

Acknowledge 4
Send 4,5,6

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 TCP Flow Control

Host A Server A

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 TCP Connection Termination

Host A Server A

TIME_WAIT 2x MSL
(MSL = 2 minutes)
. Closed
.
Closed

 Host A will ensure ACK is received by Server A before closing.

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 User Datagram Protocol

Host A Host B

Request Reply

 UDP based data is sent without establishing a connection.

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 UDP Datagram Format

IP UDP Data

0 15 16 31

Source port Destination port

8 bytes
Length Checksum

 UDP achieves minimal overhead for each datagram.

 Datagram delivery is not guaranteed with UDP.

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 UDP Forwarding Behavior

Host A Host B

 UDP susceptible to the possibility of datagram duplication or non-orderly

delivery of datagrams.

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 UDP Forwarding Behavior

Host A Host B
Voice/Video

Packet Loss

 There are no acknowledgements, therefore lost packets are not retransmitted,

this however is beneficial to delay sensitive data.

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 Summary
 What is the purpose of the acknowledgement field in the TCP header?

 Which TCP code bits are involved in a TCP three-way handshake?

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Thank You
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