ELEMENTS OF

VISUAL
ART
 The ELEMENTS of
art: line, shape, form,
color, value, texture
and space.
 1) Line
• “a dot that moves” or “continuous mark”
• Describes a shape or outline.
• It can be: straight, curved, vertical,
horizontal, jagged, or dotted
 The ELEMENTS of art: Line
…a dot that moves….defines space, contours and
outlines, or suggests mass and volume.
Straight, curved, vertical, horizontal, jagged, dotted

Vincent van Gogh Cottage Garden 1888

reed pen, quill, and ink over graphite on wove paper, 24 x 19-1/4 inches
Private Collection, Courtesy Metropolitan Museum of Art Dominance Portfolio, Blue, Bridget Riley, 1977
 2) Shape…
– An enclosed space defined by other art
elements such as line, color and texture.
• Shapes can be geometric or organic.
– Geometric: Circles, squares, rectangles ,
triangles. Seen in architecture, manufactured
items.
– Organic: Leafs, seashells, flowers. Seen in
nature; free flowing and irregular shapes.
The ELEMENTS of art: shape
An enclosed space defined by other art
elements such as line, color and texture.

May be geometric or organic

Dogs, MC ESCHER, 1938 Cycle, MC ESCHER, 1938

Is this
artwork
geometric
or organic?
How do you
know?
Geometric shapes come from geometry, which is the math of shapes
made of points and lines.
Biomorphic Abstraction" describes the use of rounded abstract
forms based on those found in nature.
Amorphous is something that does not have a distinct form or shape.
Positive and Negative Shapes
• Positive Shapes are the solid forms in a
design such as a bowl of fruit. In a
sculpture it is the solid form of the
sculpture.
• Negative Shapes-In a drawing it is the
space around the positive shape or the
shape around the bowl of fruit. In
sculpture it is the empty shape around
and between the sculptures..
 Positive shapes occupy positive space. The area around positive
shapes, the background, is negative space. A solid piece of sculpture
occupies space, and makes the space around it come to life
 3) Form
• Appears 3-dimensional (3D) such as a
cube, sphere, pyramid or cylinder.
• (Shape is only two-dimensional; form is
three-dimensional. You can hold a form;
walk around a form)
• Form can also be geometric or
organic.
The ELEMENTS of art: form

Are these forms organic or geometric?

Where is the positive and negative
shapes?

Midsummer Snowballs, Andy Goldsworthy

CLOUD GATE, Chicago ,Anish Kapoor
SNOWBALL, Andy Goldsworthy
 Organic or Geometric Forms?

Alexander Calder’s MOBILE at the National Gallery of Art

The ELEMENTS of art: form

White Vertical Water, 1972 Louise Nevelson
form, in art, means the
whole of a piece's visible
elements and the way
those elements are
united.
it is the range of visual light in the
spectrum and properties of the
pigments used in making visual
art.
• HUE - the name of the color
(green , yellow , etc.)
• INTENSITY - is the amount of
pigment or saturation .
(brightness , dullness ,etc.)
• VALUE - the lightness or
darkness of the color.
 COLOR
• Color is the
element of art
that is produced
when light,
striking an object,
is reflected back
to the eye.
• It has three
dimensions or
attributes:
• HUE – dimension
of the color that
gives color its
name.

• VALUE – refers to
the lightness or
darkness of a
color.

• INTENSITY –
refers to the
strength and
vividness of a
color.
 The ELEMENTS of art: color
Complementary ,Cool, Warm Color Schemes

Yellow and blue accentuate each other
in van Gogh’s Café Terrace on the Place
du Forum, Arles, 1888
http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/riley.htm
l
Red and green accentuate each
other in van Gogh’s Night Café
in Arles, which was painted the
same month as the café at left
 Complimentary colors

colors directly opposite each other in the color spectrum,

such as red and green or blue and orange, that when
combined in the right proportions, produce white light.
Warm colors are those that tend to advance in space and can be
overwhelming.
 Cool colors are not overpowering and tend to recede in space.
Examples of cool colorsinclude white, gray, blue and green (think
calming blue waters).
 5) Value
• Refers to the light and dark areas of a
picture.
• Value creates depth within a picture
making an object look three dimensional
(3D) with highlights and cast shadows.
 Categories of Value
• Tint is adding white to create lighter
values such as light blue or pink.
• • Shade is adding black to create dark
values such as dark blue or dark red.
• • Value Scale is a scale that shows the
gradual change in value from its lightest
value, white to its darkest value black.
 The ELEMENTS of art: value
Refers to the light and dark areas of an art work
 The ELEMENTS of art: value

Study of Arms and Hands, Da Vinci 1474

 The ELEMENTS of
art: value

THE MILKMAID
(De Melkmeid )
c. 1658-1661
oil on canvas
17 7/8 x 16 1/8 in. (45.5 x 41
cm.)
The Rijksmuseum,
Amsterdam
 6) Texture -

• The surface quality

• A rock may be rough and jagged. A
piece of silk may be soft and smooth and
your desk may feel hard and smooth.
Texture also refers to the way a picture
is made to look rough or smooth.
 The ELEMENTS of art: texture

The surface quality of an artwork usually perceived through the

sense of touch. Texture may also be implied.

SURFACE is polished marble, simulated

texture of flesh and fabric

Pietà
Michelang
elo, 1499
Marble
 The ELEMENTS of art: texture

Shoes, 1888
Vincent van Gogh (Dutch,
1853–1890)
Oil on canvas; 18 x 21 3/4
in. Vincent van Gogh (Dutch,
1853–1890)

Sunflowers 1887

Medium
Oil on canvas 17 x 24 in.
 7) SPACE -

• The distance around, between, above, below, and

within an object.
• Categories of Space
– Positive Space (similar to positive shape)
– Negative Space (similar to negative shape)
– Composition: organization of elements in artwork
– Focal Point
• It is usually
related to
showing
foreground,
middle
ground, and
background
on a flat
surface.
 The ELEMENTS of art: space
The distance around, between, above, below, and within an object.

NEGATIVE SPACE OR POSITIVE SPACE

Fallingwater is the name of a very special house that is built over a

waterfall. Frank Lloyd Wright, America’s most famous architect,
designed the house for his clients, the Kaufmann family. Fallingwater
was built between 1936 and 1939. It instantly became famous, and
today it is a National Historic Landmark.
Paris Street Scene
1972 Where is the positive and
Richard Estes (American, 1936- ) negative space? How can
Oil on canvas
40”H x 60”W
you tell?
101.6 cm x 152.4 cm The ELEMENTS of art: space
Virginia Museum of Fine Arts,
 deals with the distance upon
the appearance of objects by
means of which the eye judges
spatial relationships
PERSPE
CTIVE
• Perspective deals
with the effect of
distance upon
the appearance
of objects, by
means of which
the eye judges
spatial
relationships.

• Linear
Perspective is the
representation of
distance by
means of
converging lines.

• Aerial
Perspective is the
representation of
relative distances
by gradation of
tone and color.
 refers to the amount of
space occupied in three
dimensions. It therefore
refers to solidity and
thickness. It has width,
height and length.
 VOLU
ME
• Volume refers to
the amount of
space occupied in
three
dimensions.

• It refers to solidity
or thickness.

• In a painting a
volume is
represented with
light and shade
and usually in
spatial situation
to make the non-
flatness clear.
VISUAL ART
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
is patterned organization of
colors, lines, textures, or
combinations of art elements
that create a pleasing effect.
A visual rhythm will lead the
eye from one area to another
in a rhythmical and orderly
manner.
 The PRINCIPLES of design: rhythm
Repeats elements in an art work to create a visual tempo

Victor Vasarely
(Hungarian, born 1908)
Vega-Nor, 1969
Oil on canvas, 78 3/4 x 78 3/4"
Gift of Seymour H. Knox, 1969 Albright Knox Art
Gallery
Golconde
René Magritte, 1953
Oil on canvas
81 × 100 cm, 31.9 × 39.37
The PRINCIPLES of design: rhythm
The Menil Collection,
Houston, Texas
 is the perception of
equilibrium between the
elements in the piece of
art.
 The PRINCIPLES of design: balance
Equal distribution of VISUAL weight on either side of a composition’s center

Used to create a sense of stability - can be asymmetrical or symmetrical or radial

Martin Johnson Heade

American, 1819-1904
Magnolias on Light Blue Velvet Cloth, 1885/95
Oil on canvas
38.6 x 61.8 cm (15 1/4 x 24 3/8 in.)
The PRINCIPLES of design: balance

Lips Sofa by Salvador Dali

 The PRINCIPLES of design: balance

Robert Indiana “LOVE” in NYC

The PRINCIPLES of design: balance

On the Trail, c. 1892, watercolor over graphite on paper, Gift of Ruth

K. Henschel in memory of her husband, Charles R. Henschel
The PRINCIPLES of design: balance

The Third of May 1808, Francisco Goya, 1814, Prado Museum

is the focal point of interest
in a piece created by
accenting or exaggerating
a specific area or art
element to create greater
interest.
 The PRINCIPLES of design: emphasis
Edward Hopper
American, 1882-1967

Or FOCUS in an artwork

NIGHTHAWKS, Edward Hopper 1942 84.1x152.4cm Oil on Canvas, Chicago Art Institute
 is the comparison of two
elements that appear
different (values of light and
dark, hues...). Strong
contrasts are the most
dissimilar examples of an art
element (dark - light, black -
white).
The PRINCIPLES of design: contrast
Combining elements to point out their differences

Edgar Degas (sculptor)

French, 1834 - 1917
Little Dancer Aged Fourteen, 1878-1881
yellow wax, hair, ribbon, linen bodice, satin
shoes, muslin tutu, wood base
98.9 x 34.7 x 35.2 cm (38 15/16 x 13 11/16 x 13
7/8 in.)
 The PRINCIPLES of design: contrast

Self-Portrait Looking at The Last Supper, 1982–84

Marisol (Marisol Escobar) (American, born France, 1930)
Painted and drawn wood, plywood, brownstone, plaster, aluminum; 121 1/2 x 358 x 61 in.
(307.6 x 909.9 x 154.9 cm)
Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Roberto C. Polo, 1986 (1986.430.1-129)
© Marisol Escobar/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY
 IS THE VISUAL FLOW
THROUGH THE
COMPOSITION. IT IS HOW
WE GET AROUND IN A
WORK OF ART
 The PRINCIPLES of design: movement

Combines elements in an art work to create the

illusion of action LITHOGRAPH, 1895

The Scream, Edvard Munch, 1893, oil

 The PRINCIPLES of design: repetition
Repetition of elements or combinations of elements in a recognizab
organization.

100 Cans, Andy Warhol

 The PRINCIPLES of design: unity
Total visual effect achieved by blending the elements and principles of design

Sam Gilliam
Relative, 1969
Anonymous Gift
1994.39.1 National
Gallery of Art
 The PRINCIPLES of design: unity

Sam Gilliam
Untitled, 1971
Gift (Partial and
Promised) of
Barbara and
Stanley Tempchin
2006.135.1
Artist
Claude Monet (French,
1840–1926) The PRINCIPLES of design: unity

Title
Water Lilies

Date
1919

Medium
Oil on canvas

Dimensions
39 3/4 x 78 3/4 in. (101 x
200 cm)
Claude Monet. Water Lilies. c.1920.
Oil on canvas, triptych, each section 6'6" x 14" (200 x 425 cm).
The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Mrs. Simon
Guggenheim Fund.
Photograph ©1997 The Museum of Modern Art, New York, by
Kate Keller/Erik Landsberg
 Is determined by a
comparison of the size of
the different parts of an
object or of an
arrangement; it is achieved
when one part of an object
does not seem too big or
small for the other parts.
Part III: Visual Arts –
Graphic Arts
The Arts, Its
Principles, Elements,
and medium
 Painting

• is the practice of applying paint, pigment,

color or other medium to a solid surface. The
medium is commonly applied to the base with
a brush, but other implements, such as knives,
sponges, and airbrushes, can be used.
 History of Painting
• The oldest known paintings are at
the Grotte Chauvet in France, which
some historians believe are about
32,000 years old. They are engraved
and painted using red ochre and black
pigment, and they show
horses, rhinoceros,
lions, buffalo, mammoth, abstract
designs and what are possibly partial
Replica of Paintings in the
Chauvet Cave
Group of Rhinos
 Replica of
Painting of Lions
The Spanish friars were the ones who introduced
the Western styles of painting through art which
was mainly on religious themes since these forms
back then were strictly for the church or religious
purposes only.

Occasionally, it was also used for propaganda

Tagalog painters Jose Loden, Tomas Nazario and

Miguel de los Reyes, did the first still life paintings
in the country
The Conquest of the Batanes - the earliest known
historical paintings in the Philippines
Damian Domingo
is known for having made the first self-
portrait in the country
opened the first formal fine arts school
in the country in his house, The
Academia de Dibujo
Several Filipino painters had the chance to
study and work abroad. Among them were
Juan Novicio Luna (Spoliarium) and Felix
Resureccion Hidalgo (Virgenes christianas
expuestas al populacho or Christian Virgins
Exposed to the Public) who became the
first international Filipino artists when they
won the gold and silver medals in the 1884
Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo
Philippine’s First
National Artist in 1972.

He is one of the most

important artists in the
history of painting in the
Philippines.
 F
.

A
M
o
r
s
o
A typical Filipina country woman as portrayed by Amorsolo.
This painting also demonstrates his characteristic
l
backlighting technique. o
Fernando Amorsolo's
1945 Defence of a Filipina
Woman's Honour, which is
representative of
Amorsolo's World War II-
era paintings. Here, a
Filipino man defends a
woman, either his wife or
daughter, from being
raped by an unseen
Japanese soldier.
 Maria Makiling
Hugo C. Yonzon
1974
Mag-ina Sa Banig
Nestor Leynes
1960
 Biyahe
By Emmanuel Garibay
Major Elements of Painting
• Line - including horizontal,
vertical, curved and diagonal, to
express feelings and ideas in
paintings.
• Shapes - can be geometric or organic in
nature and are used to divide space in
an image and distribute
weight of the picture.
• Colors - are used to convey
feelings and moods within the
painting.
• Texture is the visual patterning
seen in materials. Visual
textures are created with
repetition of different types of
marks or images.
DRAWING
 The Shorter Oxford
Dictionary defines drawing
as:
• 'the formation of a line by drawing
some tracing instrument from point to
point of a surface; representation by
lines; delineation as distinguished
from painting...the arrangement of
lines which determine form.'
 What is DRAWING?
• Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses
various drawing instruments to mark paper or
another two-dimensional medium.

• It is generally concerned with the marking of lines

and areas of tone onto paper or other materials,
where the accurate representation of the visual world
is expressed upon a plane surface.

• During the Renaissance the term 'disegno' implied

drawing both as a technique to be distinguished from
colouring and also as the creative idea made visible
in the preliminary sketch.
 WHY DRAW?
• To visualize thought and work something
out.

• To provide a pattern to follow or give

instructions how to make something.

• To express feelings and emotions.

• To describe or record something.

CATEGORI
ES
OF
DRAWING
 1. CASUAL DRAWING

• This denotes unfinished and usually

unrefined compositions.
• These drawings have no ongoing function.
• (doodling, sketching)
 2. PREPARATORY
DRAWING
• This denotes the creation of a specific image or
series of images, forming the whole or part of a
composition which the artist intends to complete by
adding pigment colour (paints, coloured inks etc).
 3. FINISHED DRAWING

• This denotes a completed stand-alone

autonomous work, such as an illustration, a
cartoon, a caricature, or graphic design.
 TYPES
OF
DRAWING
 PORTRAITS
• Portrait drawings typically involve the pure
profile and the three-quarter profile.
 LANDSCAPES

• All the visible features of an area of

countryside or land, often considered in
terms of their aesthetic appeal.
 FIGURATIVE GENRE
WORKS

• Of far less importance to autonomous

drawing than portraiture and
landscape, figure drawings are typically
closely connected with what was
happening to painting in general.
 STILL LIFES

• Still life drawings, notably the

representations of flowers, like those of the
Amsterdam artist Jan van Huysum (1682-
1749), have been popular ever since the
17th century.
 FANTASY DRAWINGS

• Drawings depicting imaginary, surreal or

visionary themes, such as the fantastic
compositions of Hieronymus Bosch, have
long been popular.
 ILLUSTRATIONS

• The illustrative drawing does not perhaps

go beyond a simple pictorial explanation of
a piece of text, yet even so it may still
satisfy the highest artistic demands.
 CARICATURES

• Associated with illustrative drawing is the art of

caricature, which, by exaggerating the visual
traits of a person or situation, creates a
powerfully suggestive picture.
Sketch of a
woman by
Amorsolo
“Hands”
“Hands”- Diong
 “Charcoal
Sketch”

“Charcoal Sketch”
Kiko Escora
GRAPHIC
PROCESS
ES
GRAPHIC PROCESS

• A graphic process is a way of printing a

design or text, often in multiple copies.
 EXAMPLES
OF
GRAPHIC
PROCESSES
 Also known as screen-printing or
serigraphy, this technique uses a
stencil to create sharp-edged
images for multiple prints.
The stencil is created on a
screen that itself is created from a
porous fabric (like silk, polyester or
nylon) held taut by a frame made of
metal or wood. The designer
creates the stencil on the screen by
treating the fabric with an emulsion
to block areas of a design that are
not to be printed. Ink is then
pushed through the screen using a
fill bar (like a squeegee) and the
ink penetrates the screen in the
unblocked areas (the stencil).
The silkscreen process is
relatively inexpensive and is used
extensively for posters, tee-shirts
and works of art. There are many
different methods for silkscreening,
but the basic principle is always the
same.
AL OFFSET
PRESS
The traditional offset printing
technique dominated the printing
scene up until the late Twentieth
Century when digital technology
emerged as a key player. The
traditional offset system involves
transferring (offsetting) an inked
image or design on a printing
plate* to a rubber blanket which is
then applied to the surface that will
be printed.
One plate is prepared for each
colour, using one or all of the
following four colours: cyan,
magenta, yellow and black out of
which all colours can be
reproduced.
Traditional offset printing is by no
means obsolete, and remains the
preferred process when large
numbers of prints are needed. It
 3. DIGITAL OFFSET
PRINTING PRESS
This technology, which
has existed since 1993,
makes it possible to
complete full-colour,
offset printing directly
from computer files. The
finished product looks
like traditional offset
printing. Digital presses
are more cost-effective
than traditional offset
when short runs (small
numbers of prints) are
required. Digital printing
allows quick turn-around
time and last-minute
edits, since the changes
can be made directly on
a computer file.
COMPUTER ART

is any art in which

computers played a role in
production or display of
the artwork
 Father of
Philippine
Photography

Self taught
photographer
inspired by
native lives.

Eduardo Masferre
“man with
pipe”
Eduardo Masferre
Bog Latonio
PRINTMAKING

• is creating for artistic purposes

an image on a matrix which is
then transferred to a two-
dimensional (flat) surface by
means of ink (or another form
of pigmentation).
Printmaking in the Philippines did
not gain popularity as an art form
until the early 1960s. It became
accepted as an art.
Manuel Rodriguez Sr.- He was one of
the pioneers of printmaking in
the Philippines and is dubbed as the
"Father of Philippine Printmaking".

The Juggler vendor

 FILMMAKING
• is the process of making a motion-picture,
from an initial conception and research,
through scriptwriting, shooting and
recording, animation or other special
effects, editing, sound and music work and
finally distribution to an audience; it
refers broadly to the creation of all
types of films, embracing documentary,
strains of theatre and literature in film,
and poetic or experimental practices, and
is often used to refer to video-based
processes as well.
 FILMMAKING
• is the process of making a motion-
picture, from an initial conception and
research, through scriptwriting,
shooting and recording, animation or
other special effects, editing, sound
and music work and finally distribution
to an audience; it refers broadly to the
creation of all types of films,
embracing documentary, strains of
theatre and literature in film, and
poetic or experimental practices, and is
often used to refer to video-based
processes as well.
1930s - formative years of Philippine cinema started

1940s - brought to the Philippine cinema the

consciousness of reality

1950s - saw the first golden age of Philippine cinema

1960s - this era can be characterized by rampant commercialism,

fan movies, soft porn films, action flicks, and western spin-offs.

1970s and 1980s Martial Law era, films in this period now dealt with
more serious topics

1990s - saw the emerging popularity of massacre movies, teen-

oriented romantic comedies

2000 and beyond - century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking

through the use of digital technology, and a number of films have once
 María Clara Awards of the Manila Times
Publishing Corp - the first award-giving
body was also established in 1950

 In 1903, José Jiménez, a stage backdrop

painter, set up the first Filipino-owned
movie theater, the Cinematograpo in
Azcarraga Street (now C.M. Recto
Ave.)
 Dalagang Bukid (Country Maiden) - a
movie based on a popular musical play,
was the first movie made and shown
by Filipino filmmaker José Nepomuceno
("Father of Philippine Cinema“)
José Nepomuceno's Punyal na Guinto (Golden
Dagger) - credited as the first completely
sound, all-talking picture in the country

Carmen Concha - the first female director in the

country; directed Magkaisang Landas and
Yaman ng Mahirap in 1939

The year 2009 brought the highest

international esteem to a Filipino filmmaker
when Brillante Mendoza was judged as the Best
Director at the Cannes Film Festival for his film
Kinatay (Butchered), a movie about murder and
Media used
in Painting
"San Trovaso" (1974) -
Watercolor
“The Creation of Adam”

By Michaelangelo in Sistine Chapel (1475-1564)

The Last Supper
Edvard Munch
"The Scream",
1895
“Isabella d’Este “(1495)
Pastel history as
a fine art medium
starts at the end of
the 15th century.
One of the rarest
examples of its
usage that came to
us is Leonardo da
Vinci’s drawing of
Isabella d’Este
(1495) where he
had used yellow
pastel next to black
Self-portrait, 1751. Pastel
on paper.

Approximately at
the same time the
famous French
portraitist Maurice
Quentin de La Tour
(1704 – 1788), was
creating his
magnificent Rococo
painting primarily
with pastel.
Fayum Mummy Portait
100-300 AD
This technique was notably
used in the Fayum mummy
portrait from Egypt around 100-
300 AD, in the Blachernitissa
and other early icons, as well
as in many works of 20th-
century North American artists,
including Jasper Johns, Tony
Scherman , and Fernando Leal
Audirac. Kut-kut, a lost art of
the Philippines,
implementssgraffito and
encaustic techniques. It was
practiced by the indigenous
tribe of Samar island around
1600 to 1800. Artists in
the Mexican
muralism movement, such
as Diego Rivera and Jean
Charlot sometimes used
encaustic painting.
Pedro Berruguete (c.
1450 - 1504)
was a Spanish painter;
his art is regarded as a
transitional style
between gothic and
Renaissance. one of the
most
famous Renaissance-
Early Oil
Paintings painted by
artist Pedro Berruguete.
Van Gogh A STARRY
NIGHT Acrylic Painting
• by renowned Los Angeles artist Bruce Gray is
done with acrylics on canvas. This large and
impressive colorful abstract modern
contemporary painting on canvas is nearly 8 feet
wide. It was painted 19 years after the "Fours
and Fives" painting.
Famous KUNAMOKST Mural
Mosaic at the Galiano Inn on
Galiano Island!
 Hoya Mosaic
made of 1,500 tiles
The east window of the
church of Holy Trinity,
Goodramgate, York
 Rembrandt van Rijn -
Portrait of an Old Man
(chalk and bistre wash)
By Jonathon Oaks Field
Falling Towards the Sky,
by Becc Orszag
"Liberation" by Catherine Day
Barroca - bas relief oil paint on
wood panel.