Atreya Danturti Carbon Capture

(160909176)
and Storage

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 Why CCS???
• CCS is a key technology to fight climate change in an affordable way.
• The importance of CCS as one of the tools against global warming is
highlighted in a report by the International Energy Agency, which
found that CCS could contribute to a 19% reduction in global
CO2 emissions by 2050, and that fighting climate change could cost
over 70% more without CCS.
• CCS when combined with biomass can result in negative
CO2 emissions.

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 Introduction

“Carbon capture and storage (CCS) (or carbon capture and

sequestration or carbon control and sequestration) is the process of
capturing carbon dioxide (CO2)usually from large point sources, such as
a cement factory or biomass power plant, transporting it to a storage
site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally
an underground geological formation.”

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CCS Diagram

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 Carbon Capture

• Carbon dioxide can be captured out of air, industrial source or power

plant flue gas using either adsorption or potentially membrane gas
separation technologies.
• CCS applied to a modern conventional power plant could reduce CO2
emissions to the atmosphere by approximately 80–90% compared to
a plant without CCS.

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 Carbon Capture Technologies

• There are primarily 3 carbon capturing technologies:

I. Post combustion capture
II. Pre combustion
III. Oxy fuel combustion

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 Post combustion capture

• CO2 is removed after combustion of the fossil fuel, generally applied

in fossil fuel burning power stations.
• Carbon di-oxide is captured from flue gases at large point sources.
• This is most popular in research as the existing fossil fuel burning
plants can be retrofitted with the CSS technology

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Post combustion capture

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 Pre combustion

• Widely used in fertilizer, chemical, gaseous fuel and power

production.
• Fossil fuels are partially oxidized in a gasifier, resulting in CO from the
syngas (CO+H2) which further reacts with steam and shifts to C02 and
H2.
• H2 now can be used as fuel; CO2 removal before combustion takes
place.

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 Oxy fuel combustion

• The fuel is burnt in the presence of oxygen instead of air.

• Cold flue gas is recirculated into the combustion chamber (limit temp).
• The flue gas mainly consists of CO2 and water vapor, the latter of
which is condensed through cooling.
• CO2, thus received is almost in pure form that can be transported to
sequestration sites and stored.

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 Separation technologies
• CO2 can be separated from the atmosphere through
I. Absorption or Carbon scrubbing
II. Adsorption
III. Membrane gas separation
• Of the three, absorption or carbon scrubbing is the most popular one
being used in the industries. The latter ones are still in the
developmental stages.

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 Carbon scrubbing

• Carbon scrubbing is a technology used to absorb the carbon dioxide

present in the atmosphere.
• After the fossil fuels are combusted in air, the resulting gases are
collected and chilled.
• A solvent is added to these gases to absorb the co2, forming a new
chemical compound (reversible reaction).

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 Carbon scrubbing(contd.)

• The new compound gets separated from the other gases forming a
more solid substance and is pumped into a chamber and reheated.
• The heat causes the CO2 back out of the solution to divert it to
storage.
• The solvent is sent back to the initial stage in the cycle for reusing.

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 Adsorption

• CO2 can be captured by using some non reactive adsorbents like

carbonaceous materials and zeolites.
• Due to the less concentration levels of CO2 in the flue gases, ranging
from 4% in gas fired power station to up to 14% for a coal fired power
plant, the capturing becomes challenging.
• The adsorbents need to be very selective at low pressures

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 Direct Air capture
• Process of removing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
directly from the ambient air.
• The current technique uses large fans to move ambient air through
filters, using a chemical adsorbent to produce pure CO2 stream that
can stored.
• For any significant effect on global concentrations of CO2, DAC needs
to be implemented on a large scale, but concerns on what its energy
and water requirements for certain technologies which use water for
cooling the flue gases, toxicity impacts from the chemical absorbents
being used are being raised.

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 Direct Air capture
• A few direct air capture projects across the globe are :
1. Carbon engineering: A commercial direct air capture company based
in Calgary, Canada.
I. The plant converts portion of the concentrated CO2 into synthetic
fuel using enhanced oil recovery.
II. Currently the plant captures 1 ton of CO2 a day and produces 1
barrel of fuel a day using its air to fuels technology.
2. Clime Works: A commercial direct air capture company based in
Zurich, Switzerland.
I. The plant captures enough CO2 which is used to grow vegetables
in a nearby greenhouse.
II. It captures about 900 tones of CO2 in a year, and it costs them
about $600 to capture on tonne of CO2.
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Direct Air capture

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 Sequestration
• Various forms of permanent storage methods have been
conceived
• Some of them include gaseous storage in deep geological
formations and solid storages where the CO2 is reacted with
metal oxides to form stable carbonates.
• In the past oceans were used for storage, but this could cause
ocean acidification and thus has been made illegal under
London and OSPAR conventions.

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 Geological sequestration

• Involves injecting CO2 in its super critical form into the

underground geological formations( oil fields, gas fields,
unmineable coal seams, saline formations are considered as
storage sites).
• Various geological trapping mechanisms will help prevent CO2
from escaping to the surface.`

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 Geological sequestration
• Unmineable coal seams can be used for CO2 storage as the
carbon dioxide molecules attach themselves to the surface of
coal.
• However, the successful rate depends on the permeability of
the coal bed.
• In the process of absorption, coal releases the previously
absorbed methane.
• Although its (methane) extraction is beneficial in cost terms but
burning it would negate some of the benefits gained from
sequestrating CO2.

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 Conclusion
• As of now, CCS technology is installed in 17 projects all around the
world.
• The low numbers are due to the current price required to install the
technology to the factories and the structure of the factories
themselves.
• According to GreenTech Media, if the price of the carbon capture falls
12% per year, this would put air carbon capture at less than $20 per
metric ton by 2040s, the current price being $200/kWh.

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