Angka Penting (Significant Figures)

Limit Deteksi (LOD)

Limit kuantifikasi (LOQ)
Sensitifitas (Sensitivity)
Significant Figures
What is a significant figure?
Angka penting adalah semua angka yang diperoleh dari
hasil pengukuran, yang terdiri dari angka eksak dan satu
angka terakhir yang ditaksir (approximate).

Angka penting diperoleh dari kegiatan mengukur,

sedangkan bilangan (angka) eksak diperoleh dari kegiatan
membilang.
What is a significant figure?
Thereare 2 kinds of
numbers:
Exact: the amount of

money in your account.

Known with certainty.
What is a significant figure?

Approximate: weight,
height—anything
MEASURED.
No measurement is perfect.
When to use Significant figures
If you measured the
width of a paper with
your ruler you might
record 21.7cm.
To a mathematician 21.70,
or 21.700 is the same.
 But, to a scientist 21.7 cm and
21.700 cm is NOT the same

21.700 cm to a scientist
means the measurement
is accurate to within one
thousandth of a cm.
But, to a scientist 21.7cm and
21.700 cm is NOT the same
If you used an ordinary
ruler, the smallest
marking is the mm, so
your measurement has
to be recorded as
21.7cm.
How do I know how many
Significant Figures?

Rule: All digits are

significant starting with
the first non-zero digit
on the left.
How do I know how many
Significant Figures?

Exception to rule: In
whole numbers that end
in zero, the zeros at the
end are not significant.
How many significant
figures?
7 1
40 1
0.5 1
0.00003 1
7 x 105 1
7,000,000 1
How do I know how many
Significant Figures?

2nd Exception to rule: If

zeros are sandwiched
between non-zero digits,
the zeros become
significant.
How do I know how many
Significant Figures?

3rd Exception to rule: If

zeros are at the end of a
number that has a
decimal, the zeros are
significant.
How do I know how many Sig Figs?

3rd Exception to rule:

These zeros are showing
how accurate the
measurement or
calculation are.
How many sig figs
here?
 1.2 2
 2100 2
 56.76 4
 4.00 3
 0.0792 3
 7,083,000,000 4
How many sig figs
here?
 3401 4
 2100 2
 2100.0 5
 5.00 3
 0.00412 3
 8,000,050,000 6
What about calculations with
sig figs?
Rule: When adding or
subtracting measured
numbers, the answer can have
no more places after the
decimal than the LEAST of
the measured numbers.
 Add/Subtract examples
2.45cm+ 1.2cm = 3.65cm,
Round off to = 3.7cm

7.432cm + 2cm = 9.432

round to  9cm
 Multiplication and Division

Rule: When multiplying

or dividing, the result
can have no more
significant figures than
the least reliable
measurement.
 A couple of examples
 56.78
cm x 2.45cm = 139.111 cm 2

 Round to  139cm2

75.8cm x 9.6cm = ?
Hitung :

(104.250 x 2.26) / 15.553 = ?

(0.002450 x 0.1478) / 0.120 =

4.0 x 10^4/ 1.15 x 10^4 =

2.0 x 307 =
50 / 3.0069 =
 Sensitivity

 The sensitivity of a measuring instrument is its ability to

detect quickly a small change in the value of a
measurement.
 Sensitivity

 A measuring instrument that has a scale with

smaller divisions is more sensitive.
 Sensitivity

 As an example, the length of a piece of wire is measured

with rulers A and B which have scales graduated in
intervals of 0.1 cm and 0.5 cm respectively, as shown in
Figure below. Which of the rulers is more sensitive?
 Sensitivity

 Results:
 Ruler A: Length = 4.8 cm
 Ruler B: Length = 4.5 cm
 Ruler A is more sensitive as it can measure to an accuracy
of 0.1 cm compared to 0.5 cm for ruler B
 Sensitivity

 In addition to the size of the divisions on the scale of the

instrument, the design of the instrument has an effect on
the sensitivity of the instrument. For example, a
thermometer has a higher sensitivity if it can detect small
temperature variations. A thermometer with a narrow
capillary and a thin-walled bulb has a higher sensitivity.
 The slope of the calibration curve at the concentration
of interest is known as calibration sensitivity.
S = mc + Sbl Y = ax + b
S = measured signal; c= analyte concentration;
Sbl = blank signal; m = sensitivity (Slope of line)
Analytical sensitivity ()
 = m/ss
m = slope of the calibration curve
ss = standard deviation of the measurement
 Limit of Detection (LOD)

IUPAC:

LOD: The smallest amount or

concentration of analyte that can be
detected statistically
 Limit of Detection (LOD)

IUPAC:
LOD: the smallest concentration
or absolute amount of analyte that has a
signal significantly larger than the signal
arising from a reagent blank
 Limit of Detection (LOD)

 LOD is the lowest amount of analyte in

a sample which can be detected but not
necessarily quantitated as an exact
value.
Limit of Detection (LOD)

LOD Implies that

there may be a gray area where the
analyte is sometimes detected and
sometimes not detected.
 Calculation of LOD (1)
The analyte’s signal at the detection limit, (SA)LOD

(SA)LOD = Sreag + zsreag

Sreag : the signal for a reagent blank

sreag : the known standard deviation for the reagent blank’s signal
z : factor accounting for the desired confidence level
(typically, z is set to 3)
 Calculation of LOD (1)
LOD is calculated based on (SA)LOD divided with slope of
calibration graph (a)

y = ax + b y
(SA)LOD = a * LOD + b a
b
x
 Limit of Quantification (LOQ)
LOQ: The smallest concentration or absolute amount of analyte that
can be reliably determined (American Chemical Society)

(SA)LOQ = Sreag + 10sreag

y = ax + b
(SA)LOQ = a * LOQ + b
 Calculation of LOD (2)
Signal to Noise Ratio (S/N) method

Signal to Noise Ratio (S/N) is a dimensionless measure of the

relative strength of an analytical signal (S) to the average strength of
the background instrumental noise (N)

S/N = 3
Calculation of LOD (2)
Signal to Noise Ratio (S/N) method

Noise
Calculation of LOD (2)
Signal to Noise Ratio (S/N) method

y = ax + b
3N = a * LOD + b
Calculate LOD of Ga, Ge, and In
Ion Count (CPS)
Ga Ge In

blank 1 29.78 9.08 18.67

blank 2 30.53 9.50 23.34
blank 3 25.91 10.79 28.41
blank 4 27.73 10.16 20.025
blank 5 29.82 9.78 23.49
blank 6 29.11 10.09 31.93
blank 7 25.31 12.52 23.80
blank 8 28.63 11.188 24.72
blank 9 26.21 13.22 17.21
blank 10 30.04 12.56 23.86
Std 1 (1 ppb) 250.87 43.07 60.56
Std 2 (2 ppb ) 499.68 77.36 108.95
Std 3 (3 ppb ) 773.46 109.43 151.83