What is Diabetes

Mellitus ?
What is Diabetes?
DIABETES MELLITUS
Greek Latin

To pass water like Sweet as honey

a siphon
 Diabetes Mellitus

“Sweet Urine”

It is a longstanding disease characterized

by high blood sugar levels. Elevated levels
of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to
spillage of glucose into the urine.
 What is glucose?
Glucose is an essential nutrient that provides energy
for the proper functioning of the body cells.

FUEL
CAR needs fuel MAN needs
to move glucose to work
 What is glucose?
“Glucose in digested
food is absorbed by
the intestines into the
blood and carried to
all the cells in the
body. Glucose needs
insulin to enter the
cells.”
What is Insulin?
Insulin is
produced by the
PANCREAS especially
during meals. Without
insulin, glucose can’t
enter the cells and
remains in the blood.
Glucose Key = Insulin

Keyhole = Insulin Receptor

Cell = Powerplant
Keyhole = Insulin Receptor

CELL = POWERPLANT

Key = Insulin
CELL = POWERPLANT
 What causes it?
Insufficient production of insulin or the
inability of cells to use insulin (insulin
resistance).

Type 2 DM
defective insulin receptor
Type 1 DM (keyhole)
insulin (key) absent with insufficient insulin
Do I have
Diabetes?
 CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS
OF DIABETES
American Diabetes 8 hr Fasting Blood 2 hours after
Association Sugar 75g glucose
(OGTT)

NORMAL < 100 mg/dL < 140 mg/dL

IMPAIRED  100 and < 126 ---
FASTING mg/dL
GLYCEMIA (IFG)
IMPAIRED ---  140 and < 200
GLUCOSE mg/dL
TOLERANCE
(IGT)
 126 mg/dL  200 mg/dL
DIABETES Symptoms of diabetes and Random
MELLITUS Blood Sugar of  200 mg/dL
 GLUCOSE REGULATION

200 mg/dL

130 mg/Dl
GLUCOSE

NORMAL
70-126 mg/dL

70 mg/dL
INSULIN
 GLUCOSE REGULATION

200 mg/dL

GLUCOSE
130 mg/Dl

NORMAL
70-126 mg/dL

70 mg/dL

INSULIN
ETIOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION
OF DIABETES MELLITUS

1. TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

• ß-cell dysfunction leading to absolute
insulin deficiency
2. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
• predominant insulin resistance with
relative insulin deficiency or
• predominant secretory defect with
insulin resistance
3. OTHER SPECIFIC TYPES
4. GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
DM TYPE 1
DM TYPE 2
 SYMPTOMS OF
DIABETES
Increased thirst

Excessive urination

Increased
appetite
SYMPTOMS OF ELEVATED
BLOOD GLUCOSE

Excessive Urination

Frequent Thirst
 POLYURIA
-increased amount of daily urine
SYMPTOMS OF ELEVATED
BLOOD GLUCOSE

POLYPHAGIA

ITCHINESS
 SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES
Weakness and Fatigue

Weight Loss

Poor Wound Healing

Blurring of Vision
 WHO GETS DIABETES
MELLITUS?

AGE
RACE/ COLOR

SEX/ GENDER RELIGION

TRIGGERING MECHANISM
CAUSES OF DIABETES
MELLITUS

HEREDITY

OLD AGE OBESITY

GENETICS OF DIABETES
PATTERN OF INHERITANCE

DM TYPE 1 DM TYPE 2
 CAUSES OF DIABETES
MELLITUS

PREGNANCY SURGERY ILLNESS

MEDICATIONS
 COMPLICATIONS OF
DIABETES

MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
DIABETIC RETINOAPTHY
DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
DIABETIC NEUROPATHY

MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
 DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

NORMAL RETINA DM RETINOPATHY

 DIABETES AND KIDNEY
DISEASE

15 %
30-40 % 29 %

PEOPLE WITH
PEOPLE ON PEOPLE RECEIVING
KIDNEY KIDNEY
DIALYSIS
DISEASE TRANSPLANTATION
DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
MACROVASCULAR
COMPLICATIONS
 PEOPLE AFFLICTED WITH
DIABETES MELLITUS
• 25 times more prone to BLINDNESS
• 17 times more prone to KIDNEY
DISEASE
• 5 times more prone to GANGRENE
• 2 times more prone to HEART
DISEASE
• 90 times more prone to
NEUROPATHY
MANAGEMENT OF
DIABETES

EDUCATION
DIET

MEDICATION

EXERCISE
MANAGEMENT OF
DIABETES

Diet
 MANAGEMENT OF
DIABETES MELLITUS

Exercise
 MANAGEMENT OF
DIABETES MELLITUS

ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC
DRUGS
INSULIN
 MANAGEMENT OF
DIABETES MELLITUS

Education
 The Philippine College of Physicians wishes to
acknowledge the following for their invaluable
efforts in the preparation of this module

Elaine Matawaran, MD
Elaine Cunanan, MD
Rosa Allyn G. Sy, MD
Committee on Advocacy & Public
Relations
Philippine Society of Endocrinology
and Metabolism