BINOMIAL

THEOREM
1. Pascal’s Triangle
2. Pascal’s Identity
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
 Find the product of binomials of the form (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 using
the binomial expansion.
2
 Use Pascal’s triangle in solving the expansion of (𝑎 + 𝑏) ;
 Prove the Binomial Theorem.
𝑡ℎ 2
 Determine the 𝑛 of (𝑎 + 𝑏) without expansion; and
 Solve problems using the Binomial Theorem.
Definition of Terms
 Binomial- a polynomial that is the sum of two terms, each of which is a
monomial.
 Binomial Expansion- an expansion of powers of two terms in the form (x + y)^n
 Binomial Theorem- the shortest way of expanding or even finding a particular
term of a binomial expression raised to a conveniently large power.
 Pascal’s Triangle- a triangular array of the binomial coefficients.
 Pascal’s Identity- a combinatorial identity about binomial coefficients. It states
that for positive natural numbers n and k,
Introduction
A. Pascal’s Triangle
 Pascal's triangle is a triangular array of the binomial
coefficients.
 Named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal,
although other mathematicians studied it centuries
before him in India
 Pascal innovated many previously unattested uses of
the triangle's numbers, uses he described
comprehensively in what is perhaps the earliest
known mathematical treatise to be specially devoted
to the triangle, his Traité du triangle arithmétique
(1654; published 1665). Centuries before, discussion
of the numbers had arisen in the context of Indian
studies of combinatorics and of binomial numbers and
Greeks' study of figurate numbers.
• The array is built by writing 1 at
the top and on both ends of the
next row. Each number in each
row is obtained by adding the two
numbers directly above it.
• The number after the first number
which is 1 in each row indicate the
exponent of the binomial to which
the coefficient in that row belong.
Thus, the second row corresponds
to n=1, the third row corresponds
to n=2 the fourth row corresponds
to n=3 and so on. The number 1 at
the top corresponds to 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝟎
EXAMPLE

Using the Pascal’s triangle, the coefficients of the expansion of (x+y)^4

can be obtained from the 5th row; that is, 1,4,6,4 and 1. Thus,

𝑥 + 𝑦 4 = x^4y^0+x^3+y^1

𝑥 + 𝑦 4 =1x^4+4x^3y+6x^2y^2+4xy^3+1y^4
Expand (2x-3)^4
B. Pascal’s Identity
 Pascal's Identity is a useful theorem of combinatorics dealing
with combinations (also known as binomial coefficients). It can often be used
to simplify complicated expressions involving binomial coefficients.
• Pascal's identity was probably first derived by Blaise Pascal, a 17th century
French mathematician, whom the theorem is named after.

• Pascal also did extensive other work on combinatorics, including work

on Pascal's triangle, which bears his name. He discovered many patterns in this
triangle, and it can be used to prove this identity. The method of proof using
that is called block walking.
The Binomial Theorem
 The Binomial Theorem is the shortest way of expanding or even finding a
particular term of binomial expression raised to a conveniently large power.
In Series form, the binomial theorem is expressed as
𝑛
𝑛 𝑘 𝑛−𝑘
𝑥+𝑎 𝑛 = ෍ 𝑥 𝑎
𝑘
𝑘=0
𝑛
 Note that the expression 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 the combination of n elements taken k at a
𝑘
𝑛!
time, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑘! 𝑛−𝑘 !
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
Summary
LET’S HAVE A
QUIZ!
THANK YOU!
 GROUP 2
(11 STEM – Dr. Tito Mijares)

Cortez, Terryl Joseph

Margate, Gerald

Chowdury, Sarah
Collado, Daniela Andrea
Dacleson, Karlyn Anne
Maylas, Lieneth
Purca, Klarrise Shiela
Tapar, Angelica