WHAT ARE PRESSURE VESSELS ?

 For the scope of this division (ASME Sec viii div 1), pressure vessels are the
containers for the containment of pressure either internal or external.

This pressure may be obtained from an external source, or by the application of

heat from a direct or indirect source, or any combination thereof.

Pressure vessels can be dangerous, and fatal accidents have occurred in the
history of their development and operation.
 List of the various design codes and standards

EN13445- European code standard for unfired pressure vessel.

ASME BPVC SEC VIII Div1 - American code standard for the constuction of
boilers. (for 3000 psi)
Div 2-Alternative Rules (up to 10000 psi)
Div 3- Alternative rules for Construction of High Pressure vessels. (above 10000
psi)

AD merblaketer - German code Standard for Technical rules for Pressure
vessel.

CODAP – French code standard for construction of unfired pressure vessel.

AN/NZS 1210 – Australian code standard for pressure equipment design.

PD (S500)(BS 5500) – British code standard for the specification of unfired and
welded pressure vessel.

IS2825 - Indian code standard for unfired pressure vessel.

Origin of ASME code :
To overcome the Accidents.

The main purpose is Safety.

Need of Public awareness .

ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) was

invented in 1911.

The first code was established in 1915

Consequences of Pressure vessel Failures :
1. Explosion of fire releases the Poisonous gases .
2. Damage to the environment.
3. Loss of life.
4. The industry suffers from financial loss

 Lifting lugs also plays important role in the design of

pressure Vessel. Also due to improper design of lifting lug
arrangement the failure occurs.
ASME SEC VIII DIV 1 – (Universal code)
This division is divided into 3 subsections :
A)Consists of part UG, covering the general requirements applicable to all pressure vessel.

B) Covers the specific requirements that are applicable to various methods used in the
fabrication of pressure vessels. It consists of parts

UW- Welded methods

UF – Forged methods
UB – Brazed methods

C)Covers specific requirements applicable to several classes of materials used in pressure

vessel construction. It consists of parts
UCS – Carbon and low alloy steel (imp)
UNF – Nonferrous metals (imp)
UHA – High alloy steels (imp)
UCI – Cast iron
UCD – Clad and lined material
UHT – Cast ductile iron ferritic steels with properties enhanced by heat treatment
ULW – Layered construction
ULT – Low temperature materials
UIG – Impregnated graphite
Mandatory Appendices –
The Mandatory Appendices address specific subjects not covered elsewhere in
this division, and their requirements are mandatory when the subject covered is
included in construction under this division.

Some important mandatory appendices for design

Mandatory appendix GG – (for welding)
AP2- (for flange design)
AP9- (for jacketed vessel)
AP13- (for non circular cross sec)
A-(for tube to tube sheet joints allowable stresses ,loading)
( for Heat exchanger design only)
Nonmandatory Appendices –

The Nonmandatory Appendices provides information and suggested good

practices.

Important
Nonmandatory Appendix KK- (for Preparing User’s Design Requirements)
Thin Cylinders subjected to Internal Pressure :
•When a thin walled cylinder is subjected to internal pressure, three mutually
perpendicular principal stresses will be set up in the cylinder materials, namely
Circumferential or hoop stress
The radial stress
Longitudinal stress

Important points:
If D/t > 20 for thin cylinder. (ASME sec viii div 1)
If D/t < 20 for thick cylinder. (ASME sec viii div 2)

Longitudinal Seam failure occurs due to the circumferential stress.

Circumferential failure occurs due to the longitudinal stress.

Factor of safety- invented in -1915

Early it was- 4/now its considered as 3 ½.
TYPES OF JOINT:

According to( ASME sec viii div 1)

Angle joint :
A joint between two members located in intersecting planes with an angles greater
than 30 deg but less than 90 deg .

Butt joint :
A joint between two members located in intersecting planes between 0 deg and 30
deg.

Corner joint : (Fillet)

A joint between two members located in intersecting planes approximately 90 deg.

Full vacuum (FV) :

A condition where the internal absolute pressure is 0 psi (0 kPa) and the external
absolute pressure on the vessel is 15 psi (100 kPa) (see UG- 116)
U- 1 SCOPE

 The Foreword provides the basis for the rules described in this division.

This Division contains mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions, and

nonmandatory guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, fabrication,
examination, inspection, testing, Certification, and pressure relief.

Important points regarding U stamp :

(b)
(2) Based on the Committee’s consideration, the following classes of vessels are
not included in the scope of this Division; however, any pressure vessel which
meets all the applicable requirements of this Division may be stamped with the
Certification Mark with the U Designator:

(-a) those within the scope of other Sections;

(-b) fired process tubular heaters;

(-c) pressure containers which are integral parts or components of rotating or
reciprocating mechanical devices, such as pumps, compressors, turbines, generators,
engines, and hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders where the primary design
considerations and/or stresses are derived from the functional requirements of the
device;

(-d) structures whose primary function is the transport of fluids from one location to
another within a system of which it is an integral part, that is, piping systems;

(-e) piping components, such as pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, expansion
joints, and fittings, and the pressure-containing parts of other components, such as
strainers and devices which serve such purposes as mixing, separating, snubbing,
distributing, and metering or controlling flow, provided that pressure-containing parts
of such components are generally recognized as piping components or accessories;
(-f) a vessel for containing water1 under pressure, including those containing air
the compression of which serves only as a cushion, when none of the following
limitations are exceeded: (U stamp not compulsory)

(-1) a design pressure of 300 psi (2 MPa);

(-2) a design temperature of 210°F (99°C);

(-h) vessels not exceeding the design pressure, at the top of the vessel, limitations
below, with no limitation on size ( UG-28(f) )

(-1) vessels having an internal or external pressure not exceeding 15 psi (100
kPa);
(-2) combination units having an internal or external pressure in each chamber
not exceeding 15 psi (100 kPa) and differential pressure on the common
elements not exceeding 15 psi (100 kPa) ( UG-19(a) );

(-i) vessels having an inside diameter, width, height, or cross section diagonal not
exceeding 6 in. (152 mm), with no limitation on length of vessel or
pressure;
(e) In relation to the geometry of pressure-containing parts, the scope of this
Division shall include the following:

(1) where external piping; other pressure vessels including heat exchangers; or
mechanical devices, such as pumps, mixers, or compressors, are to be connected to
the vessel:
(-a) the welding end connection for the first circumferential joint for welded
connections [seeUW-13(i)];
(-b) the first threaded joint for screwed connections;
(-c) the face of the first flange for bolted, flanged connections;
(-d) the first sealing surface for proprietary connections or fittings;

(2) where non pressure parts are welded directly to either the internal or external
pressure-retaining surface of a pressure vessel, this scope shall include the design,
fabrication, testing, and material requirements established for non-pressure-part
attachments by the applicable paragraphs of this Division;3

(3) pressure-retaining covers for vessel openings, such as manhole or handhole

covers, and bolted cover with their attaching bolting and nuts;
(4) the first sealing surface for proprietary fittings or components for which rules
are not provided by this Division, such as gages, instruments, and non-metallic
component

(Note: point e Impact testing is applicable)