Newton’s Laws of Motion

First Law of Motion – Law of Inertia

“A body will remain at rest or move at constant velocity unless acted
upon by an external net or unbalanced force.”

Newton’s first law states that, if a body is at rest or moving at a constant

speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight
line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force. This postulate is
known as the law of inertia.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Second Law of Motion – Law of Acceleration
“The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force acting
on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.”

This statement actually pertains to Newton’s second law of motion or Law of Acceleration,
because it is concerned with the relation of acceleration to mass and force. This can be
expressed in equation form as:

Acceleration = Net force / Mass

a = Fnet /m

This is often rearranged as: Fnet = ma

 Sample mathematical problem:
Suppose a ball of mass 0.60 kg is hit with a force of 12 N. Its
acceleration will be:

a = Fnet /m
a =12N/0.60kg
a = 20m /s
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Third Law of Motion – Law of Interaction
“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”

Newton’s third law states that when two bodies interact, they apply forces
to one another that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The
third law is also known as the law of action and reaction.
Action-Reaction Forces

Two forces are equal in size.

 Two forces are opposite to each other in terms of direction.

 Two forces have the same line of action.

Action acts on one object, while reaction acts on another

object.
Universal Laws of Gravitation
Newton's law of universal gravitation is usually stated that every particle
attracts every other particle in the universe with a force which is
directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
In today's language, the law states that every point mass attracts every
other point mass by a force acting along the line intersecting the two
points. The force is proportional to the product of the two masses, and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Key Points
Sir Isaac Newton’s inspiration for the Law of Universal Gravitation was
from the dropping of an apple from a tree.
Newton’s insight on the inverse-square property of gravitational force was
from intuition about the motion of the earth and the moon.
The Law of Universal Gravitation states that every point mass
attracts every other point mass in the universe by a force pointing
in a straight line between the centers-of-mass of both points, and
this force is proportional to the masses of the objects and inversely
proportional to their separation This attractive force always points
inward, from one point to the other. The Law applies to all objects
with masses, big or small. Two big objects can be considered as
point-like masses, if the distance between them is very large
compared to their sizes or if they are spherically symmetric. For
these cases the mass of each object can be represented as a point
mass located at its center-of-mass.
 The equation for universal gravitation thus takes the form:

where F is the gravitational force acting between two

objects, m  and m  are the masses of the objects, r is the distance
1 2

between the centers of their masses, and G is the 

gravitational constant.
Work
In Physics, work is an abstract idea related to energy. When
work is done it is accompanied by a change in energy. When
work is done by an object it loses energy and when work is
done on an object it gains energy.

It is the measure of energy transfer that occurs when nan

object is moved over a distance by an external force at least
part of which is applied in the direction of the displacement.
Work is done if the object you push moves a distance in the direction towards
which you are pushing it.
No work is done if the force you exert does not make the object
move.
No work is done if the force you exert does not make the object move in the same
direction as the force you exerted.
FORMULA AND UNIT FOR WORK

The unit, joule (J) is named after the English Physicist James Prescott Joule.
This is also a unit of energy. One (1) Joule is equal to the work done or energy
expended in applying a force of one Newton through a distance of one meter.
Energy
Energy is defined as the capacity of a physical system to perform work.

Energy exists in several forms such as heat, kinetic or mechanical energy,

light, potential energy, and electrical energy.

There may be overlap between forms of energy and an object invariably

possesses more than one type at a time. For example, a swinging pendulum
has both kinetic and potential energy, thermal energy, and (depending on
its composition) may have electrical and magnetic energy.
Units of Energy
The SI unit of energy is the joule (J) or newton-meter (Nm).
The joule is also the SI unit of work.
2 TYPES OF ENERGY
 Kinetic energy
Formula:

 Potential Energy
Formula: PE=mgh
Major Types of Energy
Kinetic Energy
Thermal
Electric
Radiant
mechanical
Potential
Chemical
Elastic Potential
Nuclear
Gravitational Potential
KINETIC ENERGY
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, observable as the
movement of an object, particle, or set of particles. Any
object in motion is using kinetic energy: a person walking, a
thrown baseball, a crumb falling from a table, and a charged
particle in an electric field are all examples of kinetic
energy at work.
FORMULA
Kinetic energy is directly proportional to the mass of the
object and to the square of its velocity:

If the mass has units of kilograms and the velocity of

meters per second, the kinetic energy has units of
kilograms-meters squared per second squared.
RADIANT ENERGY
Radiant energy is energy that travels by waves or particles,
particularly electromagnetic radiation such as heat or x-rays.
 Example:
-The heat emitted from a campfire.
-X-rays give off radiant energy.
-Microwaves utilize radiant energy.
-Lighting fixtures.
-Home heating units.
THERMAL ENERGY
Thermal energy comes from a substance whose molecules and atoms
are vibrating faster due to a rise in temperature. Heat energy is
another name for thermal energy.
Exmple:
-The sun's thermal energy heats our atmosphere.
-Thermal energy from a hot stove is transferred to a metal pot and
causes the water molecules to move faster increasing the temperature
of the water.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Electrical energy is defined as an electric charge that lets
work be accomplished.

Example:

-Lightning, batteries and even electric eels are examples of

electrical energy.
MECHANICAL ENERGY
Mechanical energy is power that an object gets from its
position and motion.
Example:
- a moving car possesses mechanical energy due to its
motion(kinetic energy) and a barbell lifted high above a
weightlifter's head possesses mechanical energy due to its
vertical position above the ground(potential energy).
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential energy is energy that is stored.

This is energy that is stored due to an object's position. It is

dependent on the mass of the object, the height of the
object above the ground or Earth, and the acceleration due
to gravity.
CHEMICAL ENERGY
Chemical energy is the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a
chemical reaction to transform into other substances.
Example:
-Coal: Combustion reaction converts chemical energy into light and heat.
-Wood: Combustion reaction converts chemical energy into light and heat.
-Petroleum: Can be burned to release light and heat or changed into another
form of chemical energy, such as gasoline.
-Chemical batteries: Store chemical energy to be changed into electricity.
-Biomass: Combustion reaction converts chemical energy
into light and heat. -Natural gas: Combustion reaction
converts chemical energy into light and heat.
-Food: Digested to convert chemical energy into other forms
of energy used by cells.
-Propane: Burned to produce heat and light.
-Cellular respiration: A set of reactions that changes the
chemical energy in glucose into chemical energy in ATP, a
form our bodies can use.
ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
Elastic potential energy is energy stored as a result of
applying a force to deform an elastic object. The
deformation could involve compressing, stretching or
twisting the object. Many objects are designed specifically to
store elastic potential energy.
Example:
-The coil spring of a wind-up clock.
-An archer's stretched a bow.
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear energy is the energy stored inside an atom by the forces that hold together
the nucleus of the atom.

Examples of Nuclear Energy:

1. A fission reaction at a nuclear power plant provides enough energy to

give electricity to large cities.
2. The fusion reaction in the sun provides our planet with all of the
energy it needs for living organisms to survive.
3. An uncontrolled fission reaction provides the destructive force of a
nuclear bomb.
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
Gravitational potential energy (GPE) is the
energy acquired by an object by virtue of its
position in a gravitational field, typically by
being raised above the surface of the earth.
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL
ENERGY
An object gets gravitational potential energy when it moves uphill.
The energy used up when moving up the hill is changed into
gravitational potential energy. When the object comes back down
again, the gravitational potential energy is turned back into
kinetic energy (movement).
That is why riding a bike up a steep hill is very hard, but when you
are coming back down, you will not need to pedal at all - you are
being powered by the gravitational potential energy that you stored
when you rode up the hill. Another way gravitational potential
energy helps us is by keeping earth and the other planets in orbit in
our solar system around the Sun.
Law of Conservation of Energy

In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of energy states

that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said
to be conserved over time. This law means that energy can neither be
created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed or
transferred from one form to another.
 EXAMPLE: For instance, chemical energy is converted to
kinetic energy when a stick of dynamite explodes. If one
adds up all forms of energy that were released in the
explosion, such as the kinetic energy and potential energy of
the pieces, as well as heat and sound, one will get the exact
decrease of chemical energy in the combustion of the
dynamite.
Major Evidence of Energy Conversion
Sound

Light

Heat

Motion
SOUND
Sound is made up of vibrations (put your hand on a stereo speaker),
thermal energy consists of moving molecules in air or in an object, and
mechanical energy is the combination of kinetic and potential energy
of a moving object.

Sound is produced when we strike something. Sound is also evidence

that energy is present. Sound can move things. Sound waves move the
tiny bones in your ear and shake windows when a loud truck passes by.
Sound waves are also evident in the vibrations from a playing radio.
SOUND
LIGHT
Light energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Light consists of
photons, which are produced when an object's atoms heat up. Light travels
in waves and is the only form of energy visible to the human eye.

 Light is another observable form of energy. Light can change things.

When light shines on your arm it makes your arm feel warm. When light
shines on a green plant, the plant can make food. Therefore, although
energy itself isn’t visible, you can detect evidence of energy. Movement,
sound, heat, and light provide evidence that energy is present and being
used.
LIGHT
HEAT
Heat is defined as the flow of energy between two systems by means
of kinetic energy. This can take the form of transferring energy from
a warm object to a cooler object. More simply put, heat energy, also
called thermal energy or simply heat, is transferred from one
location to another by particles bouncing into each other. All matter
contains heat energy, and the more heat energy that is present, the
hotter an item or area will be
HEAT
MOTION

Jumping, moving a wheelchair, eating, and singing all require

energy. Nonliving things also use energy—a clock, a vacuum cleaner,
and a mechanical toy all need energy to move. Using these items
involves energy in a form called kinetic energy (energy of motion).
Work is involved whenever anything moves a distance, and energy is
needed to do work. Therefore, a definition of energy is the ability to
do work.
MOTION
 Major Sources of Energy
Renewable Sources Non - Renewable Sources
Hydropower Coal
Solar Petroleum
Wind Propane
Geothermal Natural Gas
Biomass Nuclear
RENEWABLE SOURCES

A renewable resource is one that can be used repeatedly and does

not run out because it is naturally replaced
A.HYDROPOWER
Every time you see a major dam, it is providing hydropower to an electrical
station somewhere. The power of the water is used to turn generators to
produce the electricity that is then used. The problems faced with
hydropower right now have to do with the aging of the dams. Many of
them need major restoration work to remain functional and safe, and that
costs enormous sums of money. The drain on the world’s drinkable water
supply is also causing issues as townships may wind up needing to
consume the water that provides them power too.
HYDROPOWER
B.SOLAR
Solar power harvests the energy of the sun through using collector
panels to create conditions that can then be turned into a kind of
power. Large solar panel fields are often used in desert to gather
enough power to charge small substations, and many homes use
solar systems to provide for hot water, cooling and supplement their
electricity. The issue with solar is that while there is plentiful
amounts of sun available, only certain geographical ranges of the
world get enough of the direct power of the sun for long enough to
generate usable power from this source.
SOLAR
C.WIND

Wind power is becoming more and more common. The new

innovations that are allowing wind farms to appear are making them
a more common sight. By using large turbines to take available wind
as the power to turn, the turbine can then turn a generator to
produce electricity. While this seemed like an ideal solution to many,
the reality of the wind farms is starting to reveal an unforeseen
ecological impact that may not make it an ideal choice.
WIND
D.GEOTHERMAL

Geothermal energy is the energy that is produced from beneath the

earth. It is clean, sustainable and environment friendly. High
temperatures are produced continuously inside the earth’s crust by
the slow delay of radioactive particles. Hot rocks present below the
earth heats up the water that produces steam. The steam is then
captured that helps to move turbines. The rotating turbines then
power the generators.
GEOTHERMAL
Geothermal energy can be used by a residential unit or on a large
scale by a industrial application. It was used during ancient times for
bathing and space heating. The biggest disadvantage with
geothermal energy is that it can only be produced at 9selected sites
throughout the world. The largest group of geothermal power plants
in the world is located at The Geysers, a geollthermal field in
California, United States.
E.BIOMASS

Biomass energy is produced from organic material and is commonly used

throughout the world. Chlorophyll present in plants captures the sun’s
energy by converting carbon dioxide from the air and water from the
ground into carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis. When
the plants are burned, the water and carbon dioxide is again released back
into the atmosphere.

Biomass generally include crops, plants, trees, yard clippings, wood chips
and animal wastes. Biomass energy is used for heating and cooking in
homes and as a fuel in industrial production. This type of energy produces
large amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
BIOMASS
NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES
A non-renewable resource is a resource of economic value that
cannot be readily replaced by natural means at a quick enough pace
to keep up with consumption. An example is carbon-based fossil
fuel. The original organic matter, with the aid of heat and pressure,
becomes a fuel such as oil or gas.
A.COAL
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock,
formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with
variable amounts of other elements; chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen,
and nitrogen. Some iron and steel making and other industrial
processes burn coal.
B.PETROLEUM
Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the Earth's
surface that can be refined into fuel. Petroleum is a fossil fuel, meaning
that it has been created by the decomposition of organic matter over
millions of years. It is formed in sedimentary rock under intense heat and
pressure.
 C.PROPANE
A flammable hydrocarbon gas of the alkane series, present in natural
gas and used as bottled fuel.
D.NATURAL GAS
flammable gas, consisting largely of methane and other hydrocarbons,
occurring naturally underground (often in association with petroleum)
and used as fuel.
E.NUCLEAR
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release
nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in
steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. Nuclear
power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and
nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from
nuclear power is produced by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium.
Power
Power is the rate of doing work or of transferring heat, i.e.
the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time.
Having no direction, it is a scalar quantity.
Equation

Power=work/elapse time

The SI unit for power is the watt (W), where 1 watt equals 1
joule/second
Calculating Power
Find the power of the man who pushes the box 8m with a force of 15N in a
6seconds.

Power=work/elapse time
P=(15N)(8m)/6 sec.
=120Nm or J/6 sec.
=20J/sec.
 Machines helps us do work
Simple Machines
Lever
First Class Lever

Second Class Lever

Third Class Lever

Simple machine

Any of several devices with few or no moving parts

that are used to modify motion and force in order to
perform work.
LEVER

A lever is a bar or board that rests on a support called a

fulcrum. A downward force on one end of the lever can be
transferred and increased in an upward direction at the
other end, allowing a small force to lift a heavy weight.
Example:
A lever with the fulcrum positioned between the two ends can raise
or move a heavy weight at one end as the bar is pushed down at the
other
A.FIRST CLASS LEVER

First Class Lever Definition: The fulcrum is located between the input
force and the load.
B.SECOND CLASS LEVER

Second Class Lever Definition: The load is located between the fulcrum
and the input force.
C.THIRD CLASS LEVER

Third Class Lever Definition: The input force is between the fulcrum and
the load.
 Machines helps us do work
Simple Machines
Pulley Wheel and Axel
 Machines helps us do work
Simple Machines
Inclined Wedge Screw
Plane
PULLEY

Pulley Definition: A simple machine consisting of a grooved wheel that

holds a rope or a cable; the load is attached to one end and an input force
is applied to the other end.
WHEEL AND AXEL
The wheel and axle is a machine consisting of a wheel attached to a
smaller axle so that these two parts rotate together in which a force
is transferred from one to the other.
INCLINED PLANE
An inclined plane, also known as a ramp, is a flat supporting surface
tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other, used as an aid
for raising or lowering a load.
SCREW
A screw is a mechanism that converts rotational motion to 
linear motion, and a torque (rotational force) to a linear force.
[1]
 It is one of the six classical simple machines. The most
common form consists of a cylindrical shaft with helical
 grooves or ridges called threads around the outside.
WEDGE
A wedge is a triangular shaped tool, and is a portable inclined
plane, and one of the six classical simple machines. It can be
used to separate two objects or portions of an object, lift up an
object, or hold an object in place.