“ My country, my love, my people, I leave you

now, you disappear, I lose sight of you.”

- Jose Rizal

RIZAL IN PENINSULAR SPAIN

Rizal decided to leave the country not
just to complete his medical studies in
Europe.
Hidden purposes for his voyage:
to make a name for himself in the realm of
journalism;
to observe and study European society ;
and to prepare himself for the task of
liberating the Filipinos from Spanish
tyranny.
SECRET DEPARTURE

May 1 1882-Rizal left Calamba and was able to reach

Manila after ten hours of journey via a carromata.
No one among the family members of Rizal knew his
departure for Spain, except Paciano, Saturnina, his Tio
Antonio and a few friends .
His brother Paciano did everything to ensure that Rizal
can leave the country secretly .He secured Rizal a
passport with the name Jose Mercado.
Secret Mission
To observe keenly the following:
life and culture
Languages and customs

Industries and commerce

Government and laws of the European nations.

Departure for Spain
Rizal stayed in Manila for 2 days before his trip
to Spain .
Before leaving, he heard the mass at Santo
Domingo Church in the Walled City and then
proceeded to Pasig to board the
cruiser Salvadora, bound for Singapore.
Rizal’s departure was kept to avoid
detection by the Spanish Authorities
and the friars
The kind Jesuit priests gave him letters of recommendations to members of
Their society in Barcelona
Rizal departed on May 3, 1882 boarded the Salvadora with the
following route:manila-Singapore-Colombo-through the Suez Canal-
Naples and Marseiles-Barcelona.
Departure for Spain
Only Uncle Antonio Rivera, Paciano, and his sisters,and
some close friends knew of his departure.

Paciano gave him P700, Saturnina gave him a diamond ring

An allowance of P35 per month was promised by paciano through

Uncle Antonio

Rizal used a passport named Jose Mercado

ITINERARY TO SPAIN
He felt very sad leaving his country and family.
To entertain himself ,Rizal made sketches of his fellow
passengers and things he saw along the way.
Arrived at Singapore after 1week and stayed for 2days.
Took time to visit its botanical garden, art galleries ,
parks, and some historical spots. He recorded in his
diary every detail of what he was able to observe.
19 Century Singapore
th
Singapore
During his voyage he observed the people and things
around him and compared them with those in the
Philippines.
He was the only Filipino on board.

Rizal saw Singapore and was impressed by its progress

and beautiful sights
He admired the confidence of the natives of Singapore
with their government
Rizal stayed at Hotel de Paz for his two day stop over at
singapore.
He transferd to Djemnah, a French steamer bound to
Europe
First trip to Suez Canal
Rizal boarded the ship Djemnah, which shall ferry him to
France. The ship stop over at Point Galle in Ceylon, Aden
and Port Said at Suez Canal.
June 11,1882 the steamer reach Naples. Rizal was
impressed with Naples, an Italian city ,for its
panoramic beauty, and lively people.
June 12,1882-from Naples, the steamer sailed to France.
It dock at the Harbor of Marseilles. Rizal was impressed by
the courtesy of the customs police. He was likewise,
enchanted by its graceful and impressive buildings and the
courtesy and refined manners of the French men.
Naples, Italy
Naples and Marseilles
Djemnah proceeded to Europe. June 11, Rizal
reached Naples.
This Italian City pleased him because of its

business activity, its lively people, and its

panoramic beauty
Night of June 12, the steamer docked at the

French harbor of Marsielles

He visited the Chateau d’If, where Dantes, the

hero in The Count of Monte Cristo was

imprisoned.
He stayed three days in Marseilles, enjoying every
Marseilles
Barcelona

 At Marseilles, Rizal took the train to Barcelona

Rizal reached his destination – Barcelona on
June 16, 1882.
Rizal found Barcelona to be a great city. With an
atmoshpere of freedom and liberalism, and its
people were open-hearted, hospitable and
courageous.
The Filipinos in Barcelona, some of whom were
his schoolmates in Ateneo, welcomed Rizal.
They threw a party for Rizal at their favorite café
in Plaza de Cataluna.
BARCELONA
BARCELONA
While in Barcelona, Rizal took time writing to his
family, relatives and friends in the Philippines.
He did not forget one of his missions that
of making a name for himself in the field of
writing
Paciano believed that Rizal would be able to
express his nationalistic and patriotic sentiment
which in effect can arouse the hostility and
suspicion of the Spanish Regime. Rizal will be
transformed into a patriot, a novelist and a
nationalist.
ELA AMOR PATRIO

A nationalistic essay entitled meaning “Love of

Country”, his first article written in Spain
Rizal wrote this essay when he was still
21yearsold, under the pseudonym Laong laan (pen name)
‡It came out on Aug. 20,1882 in the Diariong Tagalog
in Manila, forthe first time he used the term Tierra
Extranjera (foreign Land)in referring to Spain.

The essay caused quite a stir among the readers in the

Philippines
Amor Patrio

“Child we love play; Adolescent we forget it; youth,

we seek our ideal; disillusioned, we weep and go
in quest of something more positive and more
useful; parent, the children die and time
gradually erases our pain just as the air of the
sea slowly effaces the shores as the boat
departs from them. But, love of country can
never be effaced, once it has entered the heart,
because it carries in itself the divine stamp that
makes it eternal and imperishable.”
Amor Patrio

“It has always been said that love is the most

potent force behind the most sublime deeds;
very well, of all loves, the love of country is what
produced the greates, the most heroic…Read
history…”
ELA AMOR PATRIO

After El Amor Patrio, Rizal stopped producing

nationalistic articles
The opposition of his mother
Difficulty of recognition in a foreign country
Desire to finish his studies
RIZAL MOVES TO MADRID

September 15, 1882 - Rizal decided to move to the capital city

of Spain to continue his studies .
He enrolled in philosophy and letters and licentiate in
medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid.
He took lessons in painting and sculpture at
the Academia de San Fernando. Lessons in fencing,
at the schools of Sanzan Carbonell; and lessons in English,
French and German in Madrid Ateneo.
He even contemplated taking the examination in Roman
law for possible enrollment in law
Rizal Moves to Madrid
 Rizal received a sad news about the cholera
that was ravaging Manila and the provinces.
On a letter he received from Paciano dated
September 15, 1882, the Calamba folks were
having afternoon novenas and nocturnal
procession, praying to God to stop the dreadful
epidemic
Another sad news he received was from

Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio) telling how Leonor

Rivera was getting thinner because of the
absence of a love one
June 5 to 26. He took the medical examination.
Fortunately, he passed the examination. At the
same time , he passed the examination in Greek,
Latin, and World history. Rizal was awarded the
degree of licentiate in medicine for passing
the medical examination for the course.
Madrid

Upon Paciano’s advise, Rizal left Barcelona in

the fall of 1882 and established himself in
Madrid, the capital of Spain.
At Madrid he enrolled at the Universidad
Central de Madrid (Central University of
Madrid) on November 3, 1882
There he took two courses: Medicine and
Philosophy and Letters.
Aside from his studies, Rizal also took painting
and sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts of San
Carlos
Madrid

Rizal also took private lessons in French,

German, and English;
Rizal led a Spartan life in Madrid. He lived
frugally, spending his money only on food,
clothing, lodging, and books.
His only “vice” was taking part in the Madrid
Lottery.
He spends his leisure time reading and writing at
his boarding house, attending reunions with
fellow Filipino students and practicing fencing
and shooting.
Consuelo Ortiga y Perez

During Rizal’s stay in Madrid, he would

frequently visit the home of Don Pablo Ortiga y
Rey who lived with his son Rafael and daughter
Consuelo.
Don Pablo was a former city mayor of Manila
during the administration of the liberal governor
general Carlos Ma. De la Torre.
Rizal was attracted by Consuelo’s beauty and
vivacity. As he made a poem entitled A La
Senorita C.O. y P. to express his admiration for
her.
Consuelo Ortiga y Perez

 Rizal, however, backed out from his romance

with Consuelo because
(1) he was still engaged with Leonor Rivera and
(2) his friend and co-worker in the Propaganda
Movement, Eduardo de Lete was madly in love
with Consuelo.
Masonry

Rizal joined Freemasonry to secure their aid in

the fight against the Friars in the Philippines.
Amongst the prominent members of the Masons,
included, Miguel Morayta, statesman and
professor; Francisco Pi y Margal, journalist and
former President of the short-lived First Spanish
Republic; Manuel Becerra, Minister of Ultramar;
Emilio Junoy, journalist and member of the
Spanish Cortes; and Juan Zorilla,
parliamentarian and head of the Republican
Progressive Party.
Masonry
 Two reasons why he became a Mason:
The bad friars in the Philippines unworthy of
their priestly habit or calling
He needed the help of the Masons to fight the

bad friars in the Philippines. (it was a shield to

use in his fight against the evil forces of
tyranny)
Financial Worries

Because of drought and locust the harvest of

rice and sugarcane failed in Calamba.
The manager of the Dominican-owned hacienda
increased the rentals of the lands cultivated by
the Rizal family
Due to this the monthly allowances of Rizal in

Madrid were late in arrival and there were times

when they never arrived.
Financial Worries

 On June 24, 1884 because Rizal was broke, he

was unable to eat his meals for the day.
He attended his class in the university with an
empty stomach.
Rizal even participated in a Greek language
contest and won the gold medal.
Fortunately, in the evening, Rizal was the guest
speaker at banquet held in honor of Juan Luna
and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo, where Rizal
was able to eat dinner.
RIZAL AND THE FILIPINO
EXPATRIATES IN MADRID

‡Despite of Rizal’s
hectic schedule, he found time to
associate with Pedro Paterno,
Graciano Lopez Jaena, Gregorio
Sanciano, Juan Luna, Felix
Hidalgo, Marcelo del Pilar
and others.
‡Rizal, Jaena and Del Pilar
were closely associated and the
trio were called the Triumvirate
of the Propaganda Movement.
Rizal felt the effect of hardships in Calamba. The
finances of Rizal’s family turned bad to worse.
Crop failures
Drought, locusts
Hike in rentals on the hacienda lands

As a result there were frequent delay in his

monthly stipend from the Philippines. There
were many occasions where he attended classes
on an empty stomach.
RIZAL’S AFFAIR WITH CONSUELO

Don Pablo Ortega y Rey - the former city mayor of

Manila during the time of Governor Carlos de la Torre.
Father of Pilar And Consuelo.
Rizal was attracted to Consuelo due to her refined
manners and enchanting smile. He gave flowers
occasionally ,w/c Consuelo appreciated. Consuello fell
in love with him. However, Rizal suppressed his
emotions since he was still engaged with
Leonor Rivera. Besides, he did not want to destroy his
friendship with Eduardo de late, who was madly in
love with Consuelo.
Before leaving Madrid he composed a poem
for Consuelo, w/c was entitled A la Seniorita C .O. y R.
RIZAL’S TOAST TO LUNA AND
HIDALGO

Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo emerged winners in the

1884 Madrid Exposition. Luna was awarded a gold
medal for his painting ,the Spolarium; while Hidalgo a
silver medal for his entry, Christian Virgins Exposed
to the Populace.
A banquet was tendered in honor of these two Filipino
artist at the Café Ingles on June 25 ,1884,with Rizal
delivering the key note speech.
The speech of salute Rizal delivered during the occasion
came to be called Brindis.
Salute to Luna and Hidalgo

National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid - 1884

The Filipino community in Spain sponsored a
banquet to celebrate the double victory of the
Filipino artist in the National Exposition of Fine
Arts in Madrid.
Juan Luna, with his Spoliarium won the first
prize.
Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo won the second prize
with his Christian Virgins Exposed to the
Populace
Salute to Luna and Hidalgo
Rizal in his speech, saluted Luna and Hidalgo as
two glories for Spain and the Philippines, whose
artistic achievements transcended geographical
frontiers and racial origins.
In Rizal’s speech, he said genius is universal.

“Genius knows no country, genius sprouts

everwhere, genius is like light, air, the patrimony
of everybody, cosmopolitan like space, like life,
like God.”
SPOLARIUM
CHRISTIAN VIRGINS EXPOSED TO THE
POPULACE.
DOÑA TEODORA’S REACTIONS
ON RIZAL’S SPEECH
The delivery of Brindis reached the Philippines because of its
full coverage by the Madrid Press to the occasion.
Nonetheless, Rizal was not cognizant of the consequence of
his speech.
Rizal's mother became ill, as his son become the talk of the
town and the friars to Calamba.
In her letter to Rizal she advise him to
refrain from the articles that might offend friars and regime
and that he should not fail in his duties as a Christian.
not to continue pursuing further studies since she had that fear that it
could cause him death later
RIZAL’S RESPONSE TO HIS MOTHER

‡He will still have enemies, even if he puts an end to

writing articles considered anti-Spanish and anti-friars;
‡Life can’t be without any sorrow;
‡Misfortunes are welcomed when they can avert
debasement and degradation
‡A son can pay honor to his parents thru honesty and
good name;
‡Religion is the holiest of things but a person can only
believe by reasoning; and
‡Conscience can accept only what is compatible with
reason.
Student Demonstrations

Nov. 20-22, 1884 the city of Madrid exploded in

bloody riots by the students of Unibersidad
Central de Madrid.
Dr. Miguel Morayta, professor of history, at the
opening ceremonies of the academic year
proclaimed the “freedom of science and the
teacher.”
Such liberal view was condemned by the
Catholic bishops of Spain, and promptly
excommunicated Dr. Morayta.
Student Demonstrations

Angered by the bigotry of the Catholic bishops,

the university students rose in violent
demonstrations.
Practically all students in various colleges joined
the massive demonstrations including Rizal,
Valentin Ventura and other Filipinos.
Many university professors openly supported the
student rioters.
Student Demonstrations

Bloody fights raged in the university buildings

and in the city streets. The students armed with
clubs, stones, and fists, fought the government
forces.
Fortunately, Rizal and other Filipinos did not
received even a cane blow, nor taken prisoner,
nor arrested.
Completion of Studies

The academic year 1884-1885 Rizal passed all

subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine.
Rizal completed his medical course in Spain. He was

awarded the Degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the

Universidad Central de Madrid on June 21, 1884.
The next academic year (1884-85) he studied and

passed all subjects leading to the Degree of Doctor of

Medicine. However, he was not awarded his Doctors
Diploma because he did not present his thesis nor
paid the corresponding fees
Rizal also finished his studies in Philosophy and

Letters and was awarded the degree on June 19,

th
Completion of Studies

By obtaining a degree in Philosophy and Letters,

Rizal became qualified to be a professor of
humanities in any Spanish university.
He did not bother to secure the post-graduate
degree of Doctor of Medicine because it was
also good only for teaching.
Rizal knew, however, that with his brown color
and Asian racial ancestry no friar-owned
university or college in the Philippines would
accept him in its faculty staff.
Thank you for
Listening!!!