ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMIITED TO:

ALISHA Ar. AARUSHI MATHUR
B.ARCH, SEM VII
1618001
WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY
AIR MASS FORMATION AND
PRECIPITATION ?
• AIR MASS FORMATION
• Air masses are formed when air stagnates for long
periods of time over a uniform surface. The
characteristic temperature and moisture of air
masses are determined by the surface over which
they form. An air mass acquires these attributes
through heat and moisture exchanges with the
surface.
• The 4 types of air masses are :
polar
Tropical
Continental
maritime
• PRECIPITATION
• Precipitation is rain, snow, sleet, or hail — any kind of
weather condition where something's falling from the
sky.
• Precipitation has to do with things falling down, and
not just from the sky. It's also what happens in
chemical reactions when a solid settles to the bottom
of a solution.
• There are many different types of precipitation —
rain, snow, hail, and sleet.
• for example—yet they all have a few things in
common. They all come from clouds. They are all
forms of water that fall from the sky.
 HOW DOES HEAT OF EARTH AND
CIRCULATION OF AIR TAKE PLACE
?
• HEAT OF EARTH
• The process by which
Earth makes heat is
called radioactive
decay.
• It involves the
disintegration
of natural radioactive
elements inside Earth –
like uranium, for
example.
Uranium is a special
kind of element
because when it decays,
heat is produced.
• It's this heat that
keeps Earth from
cooling off completely.
• CIRCULATION OF AIR
• Air in the atmosphere moves around the world in a
pattern called global atmospheric circulation. This
pattern, called atmospheric circulation, is caused
because the Sun heats the Earth more at the equator
than at the poles.
• It's also affected by the spin of the Earth. In the
tropics, near the equator, warm air rises.

WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY

RENEWABLE AND NON-
RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY ?
• RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY
• Renewable energy sources are energy sources that
are always being replenished.
• They can never be depleted. Some examples
of renewable energy sources are solar energy,
wind energy, hydropower, geothermal energy, and
biomass energy.

• NON-RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

• Non-renewable energy comes from sources that will
run out or will not be replenished in our lifetimes—or
even in many, many lifetimes. Most non-renewable
energy sources are fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and
natural gas. Carbon is the main element in fossil fuels.
WHAT IS THE NEED OF ALTERNATE
ENERGY RESOURCES?HOW DOES IT
INFLUENCE TO GROWING ENERGY
NEED ? EXPLAIN WITH EXAMPLE
• The over-extraction of fossil fuels is slowly depleting
from the earth.
• Burning of fossil fuel cause air pollution So, the
consumption of fossil fuels in should be limited and
must give more focus on alternative source of energy.
• Alternative energy generally refers to any group of
non-traditional fuel sources that does not burn fossil
fuels or use up any type of natural resources which
will result in damage or harm to the environment.
• Examples are wind energy, hydroelectric energy,
nuclear energy, and solar energy.
WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY
ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION ?
EXPLAIN ITS CAUSES, EFFECTS
AND CONTROLS ?

• ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
• Environmental pollution is defined as “the
contamination of the physical and biological
components of the earth/atmosphere system to such
an extent that normal environmental processes are
adversely affected.
• The five major types of pollution include:
air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution,
light pollution, and noise pollution.
• CAUSES AND EFFECTS
• The causes of environmental pollution are many,
including oil, air pollution, and soil erosion. Oil
spillage causes environmental pollution when oil is
spilled in water.
• Environmental pollutants have various adverse
health effects from early life some of the most
important harmful effects are perinatal disorders,
infant mortality, respiratory disorders, allergy,
increase in stress oxidative, endothelial dysfunction,
mental disorders
• CONTROL
• There are four types of control: legal, social, economical,
and technological measures, which help to prevent
the pollution by various methods of operations. Waste
products enter the environment in various forms and
threaten the quality of the air, land, and water.

WRITE SHORT NOTES ON AIR,

WATER, SOIL, CHEMICAL AND
NOISE POLLUTION ?
• AIR POLLUTION
• Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive
quantities of substances including gases (such as carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrous
oxides, methane and chlorofluorocarbons), particulates
(both organic and inorganic), and biological molecules
are introduced into Earth's atmosphere.
• WATER POLLUTION
• Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies,
usually as a result of human activities. Water bodies
include for example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and
groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants
are introduced into the natural environment.

• SOIL POLLUTION
• Soil pollution is
defined as the buildup in soils of persistent toxic
compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or
disease-causing agents, which have adverse effects on
plant growth and animal health. Soil is the thin layer of
organic and inorganic materials that covers the Earth's
rocky surface.
• CHEMICAL POLLUTION
• Chemical pollution is defined
as the presence or increase in
our environment of chemical pollutants that are not
naturally present there or are found in amounts higher
than their natural background values.

• NOISE POLLUTION
• Noise pollution is generally defined as regular exposure
to elevated sound levels that may lead to adverse effects
in humans or other living organisms. According to the
World Health Organization, sound levels less than 70 dB
are not damaging to living organisms, regardless of how
long or consistent the exposure is.
WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY
NUCLEAR HAZARDS. EXPLAIN
HUMAN RISK IN IT ?
• NUCLEAR HAZAEDS
• Risk or danger to human
health or the environment
exposed by the radiation
emanating from the atomic
nuclei is called as nuclear
hazard.
Nuclear hazard is an actual
or potential release of
radioactive material at a
commercial nuclear power plant
or a transportation accident.
• A major disadvantage of
nuclear power is the production
of radioactive waste.
Exposure to radiation is the
primary mechanism by which
nuclear power causes a negative
effect on health.
 WHAT IS SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT ? WHAT ARE THE
CONTROL MEASURE FOR URBAN
AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE.
• SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Solid waste management is a term that is used to refer to
the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It also
offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to
garbage or trash. Waste management is all about
how solid waste can be changed and used as a valuable
resource.
• 6 Main Types of Solid Waste Management
• Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
• Hazardous Wastes
• Industrial Wastes
• Agricultural Wastes
• Bio-Medical Wastes
• Waste Minimization
• Tips to Reduce Waste
• Take reusable bags to the store when shopping.
• Reduce or eliminate the use of paper plates and cups.
• Store leftover foods in reusable containers instead of single
use plastic bags or Polystyrene foam containers.
• Reduce or minimize use of plastic bags and Polystyrene
foam.
WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION ? ITS
CAUSES, EFFECTS AND CONTROL
FOR A GIVEN AREA.
• WATER POLLUTION
• Water bodies include for
example lakes, rivers, oceans,
aquifers and groundwater.
• Water pollution results when contaminants are
introduced into the natural environment.
• For example, releasing inadequately
treated wastewater into natural water bodies can
lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystems.
• In turn, this can lead to public health problems for
people living downstream.
• They may use the same polluted river water for
drinking or bathing or irrigation.
• Water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of
death and disease, e.g. due to water-borne diseases.