CITT 2018

The 4th International Conference on

Technology Trends

Tutorial:
“Routing Protocols for Multi vendor
IP networks”
Leticia Vaca.
Diego Ávila.
Alberto Arellano.
1
 OUTLINE

 IPv4 Address
 Link State Routing Protocol
 Features OSPF
 Hello Protocol
 Routers Market Share
 Routers Types
 Network Operating Systems
(NOS)
 Network Emulation Platforms
 Laboratory Topology
 IPv4 Address Classes

Address # of Possible # of Possible Total Possible

Class Networks Hosts Addresses

Class A 126 16,777,214 2,113,928,964

Class B 16,384 65,534 1,073,709,056

Class C 2,097,152 254 532,676,608

 Class A. 255.0.0.0 or /8
 Was reserved for governments and extremely large organizations.
 Class B. 255.255.0.0 or /8
 Was reserved for medium/large organizations.
 Class C. 255.255.255.0 or /24
 Was for every other organization (small organizations).
 How the ranges were
determined
First First Network Host
Class Bits Octet Bits Bits

A 0 0 – 127 8 24

B 10 128 - 191 16 16

C 110 192 - 223 24 8

D 1110 224 – 239

E 1111 240 - 255

 Introduction to OSPF

 OSPF is:
 Classless

 Link-state routing protocol

 Uses areas for scalability

 OSPFv2 (IPv4) standard described in RFC2328

 OSPFv3 (IPv6) standard described in RFC2740

 Runs on IP, Protocol 89

Link State Routing Protocol

 Neighbor table
 Topology table
 Routing table
 Features of OSPF

Supports
Routing changes
VLSM and
trigger routing
CIDR
updates. Uses SPF
algorithm

Quickly
propagates
network Works well in small
changes and large network
sizes and supports
areas

Supports
Message Digest
5 (MD5)
authentication
 Basic OSPF Operation

1. Neighbor discovery
 Send L3 multicast (224.0.0.5) message (hello) to
discover neighbors.
2. Exchanging topology table (LSDB)
 Send L3 multicast message (DBD packets)
3. Use SPF algorithm to select best path
 Each router independently calculates best path
from an identical topology database of an OSPF
network or area.
4. Building up routing table
 All the SPF selected best paths are installed in
routing table for the traffic to be forwarded.
 Hello Protocol

 Discover neighbors (OSPF neighbors)

 Establish adjacencies (Router-ID)
 Advertise parameters on which two routers must agree to become
neighbors
 Hello Interval (10,30 sec), Dead Interval(4HT), Network Type

 Elect the Designated Router and Backup Designated Router on

multiaccess networks such as Ethernet and Frame Relay
 EXCHANGING DATABASE
DESCRIPTOR (DBD'S)
OSPF neighbors follow a strict process of exchanging routing
information and updates to prevent fault containment caused by updates
flood, this process follows the order described below:

1. Master sends DataBase Descriptor (DBD) update packet first.

2. Slave checks DataBase Descriptor (DBD) and finds new routes
information, it then requests updates by sending a Link State
Request(LSR) packet.
 Administrative Distance

Administrative distance (AD) is the trustworthiness

(or preference) of the route source. OSPF AD is:
Routers Market share (2017)
Routers Core
Access Routers
 NOS
(Network Operating System)

The term network operating system is used to refer to a

specialized operating system for a network device such as a
router, switch or firewall.

• JUNOS is used in routers and switches from Juniper Networks

• Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS, IOS XE, IOS XR)
• IPOS is used in routers from Ericsson
• Timos, used in routers from Alcatel-Lucent (NOKIA)
• Versatile Routing Platform (VRP), used in routers from Huawei
• RouterOS, software which turns a PC or MikroTik hardware into a
dedicated router
• EoS, Extensible Operating System is used in switches from Arista
• ExtremeXOS (EXOS) is used in network devices made by Extreme
Networks
Multivendor NOS
(Network Operating System)
Networking Emulation Platform
 GNS3
GNS3 is used by hundreds of thousands of network engineers
worldwide to emulate, configure, test and troubleshoot virtual
and real networks.

GNS3 supports the following operating systems:

• Windows 7 (64 bit)
• Windows 8 (64 bit)
• Windows 10 (64 bit)
• Windows Server 2012 (64 bit)
• Windows Server 2016 (64 bit)
• Mac OS X Mavericks (version 10.9) and later.
• Linux
GNS3 Topology
GNS3 Virtualization Support
LAB Topology
 IP Addressing of Interfaces

ROUTER INTERFACE IP ADDRESS

R1 e0/0 10.10.7.1/24
e0/1 10.10.6.1/24
e0/2 10.10.1.1/24
e0/3 10.10.20.1/24
R2 e0/0 10.10.7.2/24
e0/1 10.10.8.1/24
e0/2 10.10.5.1/24
e0/3 10.10.2.1/24
R3 e0/0 10.10.8.2/24
e0/1 10.10.4.1/24
e0/2 10.10.3.1/24
Brocade eth0 10.10.1.2/24
eth1 10.10.2.2/24
eth2 10.10.3.2/24
eth3 10.10.12.1/24
Juniper em0 10.10.6.2/24
em1 10.10.5.2/24
em2 10.10.4.2/24
em3 10.10.14.1/24
 Configuration Guideline

Configure the IP addresses

of the interfaces

Configure Router-ID

Configure process OSPF

and announce networks

Verify connectivity
 Configure IP Address

 Cisco
Router(config)# interface Ethernet 0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

 Juniper
root#set interface em0 unit 0 family inet address 10.10.10.1/24
root#commit

 Brocade.
vyos@vyos# set interface ethernet eth0 address 10.10.20.5/24
vyos@vyos# commit
Configure IP Address
R1 (Cisco)
Verify interfaces’
configuration
Configure IP Address
R2
Configure IP Address
R3
Configure IP Address
Brocade
Verify interfaces’
configuration
Verify connectivity
Configure IP Address
Juniper
Verify interfaces
configuration
 Define the Router ID

 Cisco
Router(config)# router ospf process-id
Router(config-router)# router-id ip-address

 Juniper
root@JunOs_1# set routing-options router-id ip-address

 Brocade.
vyos@R1# set protocols ospf parameters router-id ip-address
Define the Router ID
Routers
 Define the Networks

 Cisco
Router(config)# router ospf process-id
Router(config-router)# network network-address wildcard-mask area area-id

 Juniper.
root@JunOs_1# set protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0 interface em0

 Brocade.
vyos@R1# set protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0 network Network/Mask
Define the Networks
R1, R2 & R3
Define the Networks
Brocade&Juniper
Verify Routing Table
R1
Verify Routing Table
R2
Verify Routing Table
R3
Verify Routing Table
Brocade
Verify Routing Table
Juniper
 IP Addres
Configuration PC-1&PC-2
 IP Address
root@PC-1# ifconfig eth0 10.10.12.10 netmask 255.255.255.0

root@PC-2# ifconfig eth0 10.10.12.12 netmask 255.255.255.0

root@PC-3# ifconfig eth0 10.10.14.10 netmask 255.255.255.0

root@PC-4# ifconfig eth0 10.10.14.12 netmask 255.255.255.0

 Default Gateway
root@PC-1# route add default gw 10.10.12.1

root@PC-2# route add default gw 10.10.12.1

root@PC-3# route add default gw 10.10.14.1

root@PC-4# route add default gw 10.10.14.1

Verify Connectivity
PC-1  PC-2
Verify Connectivity
PC-1  PC-2