Making of Pakistan

• The creation of Pakistan on 14th Aug. 1947 was the

culmination of a struggle that began in 1857 to overthrow
British rule over the subcontinent.
• The British came to subcontinent in 17th century for the
purpose of trade and merchandising.
• Soon they displaced the Mughal Muslim rulers, who had been
in the power of 650 years.
• Prior to Muslim rulers, the Hindus and British rulers the
original tribes and Dravidians, were ruling the region.
• Many cultures and races have been involved in shaping the
destiny of this region.
• Hence, its important to understand the history of the
subcontinent in order to appreciate how and how Pakistan was
created.
Battle of 1857
 Root –War of Independence 1857
• Preaching of Christianity
• Lard Macuauly’s education system
• Sex was considered in civil law rather then in criminal law
• The title of King after Bahadur Shah Zafar was abolished by
British.
• Rules were dictated by British
• Unemployment
Ancient Times
 Ancient Time

• The history of sub-continent started off way back to Stone

Age.
• This was an age of hunting and gathering
• Though there was some elementary agriculture.
 Indus Valley Civilization
• The Stone age is followed by Indus valley civilization (3000 to
3500 BC)
• Thousands years ago the part of India was called the Indus
Valley civilization
• The Indus River is the site of one of the earliest appearances of
civilization.
• It contained two major civilization Mohenjo Daro and Harappa
which may date to 3500 BC.
• This was the period of sophisticated agriculture, trade and
commerce, art and architecture, cities and buildings, religion
and rites.
• The Indus Valley civilization is also known as Harappan
culture because Harappa, which was discovered by accident,
was the first city to be excavated by archeologists.
• Cotton is known to have been grown in India as early as 3,000
BC, but was almost certainly grown much earlier.
• Ancient Indians are known to have worn brightly colored
clothes. The early Indus River culture is the least studied of the
five great river valley cultures
 Urban Centers
• The civilization encompassed about 2,000 towns and villages,
many of which were mathematically planned.
• These are the world's first planned cities. The largest city was
Mohenjo-Daro. The people lived in baked mud brick houses
two and three stories high, and had sewage systems.
• Each home had its own private drinking well and its own
private bathroom. Clay pipes led from the bathrooms to sewers
located under the streets.
• Some scholars are convinced that Indus cities did not develop
slowly over time. This suggests whoever built these cities
seems to have developed the mathematics and technology in
some other place.
Indus Priest/King Statue
God and Goddess
Seals
 Economy
• The basis of the economy as the other river valley civilizations
was agriculture.
• The Indus people used irrigation to water their fields. The
main crops were barley, wheat, and a variety of vegetables and
fruits.
• Animals, including the long-horned, humped bull, were
domesticated. Cotton appears to have been the principal plant
used for clothing. It was woven and dyed.
• Wheel-made clay was made and decorated with animal and
geometric motifs. Illustration of fish on the seals suggest that
fishing was an important part of the economy.
• The long-horned bull was a central image in the Indus culture
and interestingly remains important in subsequent Indian
iconography
 Bronze Age culture
• The Indus people were a bronze Age culture. Copper and
bronze were in use. They used bronze tools.
• Some scholars believe that they may have acquired bronze
technology from the Sumerians.
• They did not, however, develop iron technology. The Indus
people were also traders, trade was carried out through the sea.
The Dravidians
 The Dravidians

• This very civilization was followed by the Indus Valley

civilization.
• It was said that this civilization was coexisted within the Indus
Valley civilization
• They had high degree of culture, with a religion and
established Social Institutions.
The Aryans
 The Aryans
• The Aryans invaded subcontinent around 1500 BC. (Originally
from central Asia and entered from Subcontinent from the
North-West.
• Traveled from Sapta Sindhu or the Seven Rivers’, in the area
from Kabul to Jumna Rivers.
• Aryans continued their advance eastward, conquering a large
part of the Ganges Plain and later crossing the Vindiyas to
enter the Deccan Plateau.
• Aryans referred to conquering Dravidians and native tribe of
Indus civilization
• They were farmers by nature
• They worshiped natural phenomena
• The religious rituals of Aryans were derived from Dravidians
and later it resulted in Hinduism
 Hinduism
• Polytheistic religion
• They believe in cast and categories
• That all cast are determine from birth not through one’s
achievement in life.
• At that time subcontinent was divided into different sub-
political units. (Many kingdom)
• The largest Hindu kingdom was establish during the regime of
King Ashoka (250 B.C)
• At the battle of Kalinga it was thought that Ashoka embrace
Buddhism.
• Even at that time Hinduism wasn’t dominant religion.
• 6th century – Introduction of new religion “Buddhism”
• This religion was contrary to Hinduism believes of cast system
• Thought they established their own independent regions in
subcontinent but couldn’t survive.
Evolution of Muslim society in
Subcontinent
• The establishment of Muslim society in subcontinent was due to 3
elements.
Arab Traders:
• Arab had trade and business relations with the inhabitants of subcontinents
• Many Arab traders had their own resorts and properties in subcontinents for
the purpose of trade
• After advent of Islam in 610 entire Arab converted to Islam
• Arab traders also converted to Islam.
• Its being said that, their humble behavior was one of the reason that why
people in subcontinent converted to Islam
• The inhabitants of Malabar (Karalla), Kolaam (Traquor), Gujarat
(Kathiyawar) also converted to Islam
• Along with trading the Arabs also preached about Islam
• Newly converted professor T.W Arnold wrote in his book that,
Samari (The last King of Malabar) got inspired from the group
of Muslims on the visit to Sri Lanka
• However the advent of Muslim society in Sindh was initiated
by Muhammad Bin Qasim’s invasion
• 1. Root cause of invading Sindh
- After the successful invasion of Iran during the Khilafat of
Hazrat Umer (R.A) the Arab’s came across to the rulers of
Sindh.
- Until the condition of Arab’s (In terms of trade) weren't
deteriorated the idea of attacking Sindh was not given serious
consideration.
 The root cause of invading Sindh

• The rule of Sindh Raja Dahir being famous for his cruelness.
• In 703 the fire of invading Sindh reached to maximum when
the inhabitants of Sindh murdered the Governor of Makraan
and approached towards Sindh for shelter
• In reaction of this very act, Hijaaj-bin-yousuf questioned of
sending back to the culprits, which was rejected from Raja
Dahir
• This led to conflict among Arabs and Sindh administration
2. The plunder of Arab’s by inhabitants of Sindh
• In Sri Lanka, the Arab (traders) residents died. In condolence,
the King sent gifts to orphans, widows to Hijaaj Bin Yousuf
for Banomia Walid-Bin-Abdul Malik (Khalifa-e-Islam)
• Near Thatha the entire travelers were looted by naval robbers.
• Hijaaj Bin Yousuf questioned on this very act to Raja Dahir,
the reply given to Hijaaj Bin Yousuf was disappointed.
• The planning of taking over Sindh was started from this
particular point
• Hijaaj Bin Yousuf finally decided to take over Sindh through
the help of Muhammad Bin Qasim
 Muhammad Bin Qasim (695-715) - The
Successor
• Muhamamd Bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir in battles of Debal
and Raward
• As the large no of man died in battle so women burned
themselves according to the Hindu customs
• Though he kept taking over the possession of areas such as
Barhama Abad, Ayloor (near Rohrdi), then Multan
• The inhabitants of Multan fought for 2 months at last they lost
and the entire possession of Multan handed over to
Muhammad Bin Qasim
• Thouhg he could have conquered more if the new Governor of
Banomiya weren't sent him to imprisonment
• He ruled Sindh for about 3 years.
• It was said that he gave religious rights to all peoples.
• The civil security and religious rights were guaranteed, as he
said that your temples will be safe and secure as all others
religious groups.
• It was said that his humble behavior was the reason locals
converted to Islam even though they were free to spent their
life according to their religion.
• Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debal, from where the
Arab army marched along the Indus. At Rohri he was met by
Dahir’s forces. Dahir died in the battle, his forces were
defeated and Muhammad bin Qasim took control of Sind.
Mohammad Bin Qasim entered Daibul in 712 AD.
• As a result of his efforts, he succeeded in capturing Daibul. He
continued his Victorious Progress in succession, Nirun,
fortress (called Sikka), Brahmanabad, Alor, Multan and
Gujrat. After the conquest of Multan, he carried his arms to the
borders of Kigdom of Kashmir, but his dismissal stopped the
further advance. Now Muslims were the masters of whole
Sindh and a part of Punjab up to the borders of Kashmir in the
north..
• After the conquest, he adopted a conciliatory policy, asking for
acceptance of Muslim rule by the natives in return for non-
interference in their religious and cultural practices. He also
established peace with a strong taxation system. In return he
provided the guaranty of security of life and property for the
natives. Hajjaj died in 714.
• When Walid Bin Abdul Malik died, his younger brother
Suleman succeeded as the Caliph. He was a bitter enemy of
Hajjaj’s family. He recalled Mohammad Bin Qasim from
Sindh, who obeyed the orders as the duty of a general. When
he came back, he was put to death on 18th of July, 715AD at
the age of twenty.
•
 Sultan Mehmood Gaznawi – (997 – 1930)

• In his 33 years tenure he molest subcontinent 17 times with

immaculate success.
• Defeated the rulers of Kangdra, Mithar, Thanseer, Kanooj and
Somnaat
• In 1027 Punjab become the part of Mahmood Gaznavi’s state
and how Lahore became the centre of Islamic culture.
Pakistan’s fabricated history
• History written in Pakistan had been “dictated” by the ruling
establishment
• The nation could not hope to make any real progress, unless
distortion were removed.
• We project our leaders actions out of proportion, in terms of
abandoning their black and white
• Modern history is leading on the same path
• Historians like Dr Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, S.M. Ikram and
Moinul Haq wrote history, as dictated by dictators
• Some historians negated our ancient Indian and South Asian
roots and tried to establish our links with Central Asia or with
the Middle East
• Gen Ayub in fact replaced the subject of history in school
curriculum with social studies and the history departments of
the universities in the country accordingly produced textbooks
which contained articles by pro-Establishment writers