Parts of the Computer System

5. ADA
• Countess Ada Lovelace
• Introduced in 1980 as standard language for weapon
systems

6. C
• Invented at Bell Labs
• Offers High level language features such as structured
programming
• Efficient as assembly language

Very High Level Language

• Fourth Generation language
• Non Procedural because it defines only what the
computer should do
• Query language is used to retrieve data from
databases
Fifth Generation Language
• Natural language because they resemble natural
human language
• Knowledge based system
Parts of the Computer System
Assembly Language
- when we write in assembly language we use
abbreviations called mnemonics for certain
operations and functions
Source Code – more like English than
machine language
- we need to convert the assembly language
or source code into machine language or
object code

2 Ways to Convert
Source Code to 1. Manual Assembly
Object Code

2. Assembly or Monitor
Parts of the Computer System
Assembler
- a program which translates assembly
language mnemonics into binary patterns
(machine language)
Disassembler
- a program which translates binary patterns
(machine language) into assembly language
mnemonics
Compiler
- a complex program which converts
computer instructions written in a source
language into machine code
Worksheet
- a tool which helps you stay organized as you
write programs
- simply a form on which you can write your
program
Software Entrepreneurs
Steve Jobs
• Currently the CEO of Apple Computers
• Formed Apple Computer together with Steve
Wozniak
• Apple introduced increasingly powerful line
of computers which is current popular as
Macintosh
• Lost control of Apple Computer in 1986 but
went out and started NeXT Computer, Inc.
Software Entrepreneurs
Bill Gates
• The world’s richest man
• Took a law degree in 1974 in Harvard
• Together with his friend Paul Allen, they dreamed of
personal computers that does not exist yet
• They wrote software to MITS and they keep the rights
to their works and formed their own company call
Microsoft
• Microsoft at first has employed 32 people
• Gates purchased an operating system which he and
his crew reworked to produce MS-DOS- Microsoft
Disk Operating System
• MS-DOS sent Microsoft to its meteoric rise
Software Entrepreneurs
Mitch Kapor
• From disk jockey to a piano teacher to
counselor to programmer
• In 1983, he introduced a software package
called Lotus 1-2-3
• Lotus added the term integrated package
that describes the software identity as a
combination of spreadsheet, graphics,
daabase program
File Organization and Processing
1. FILE ORGANIZATION

a. Sequential File Processing

• Records are in order according to a key field
• If a particular record in a sequential file is
wanted, then all the prior records on the file
must be read before reaching the desired
record
b. Direct File Processing
• Direct Address
• Allows the computer to go directly to the
desired record by using a record key
• Requires a device call Direct Address Storage
Device
• Hashing or Randomizing is the name given to
the process of applying a formula to a key to
yield a number that represents the address
c. Indexed File Processing
• Stores record in the file in sequential order but
the file contains an index of keys
File Organization and Processing
2. FILE PROCESSING

a. Batch Processing
• Technique in which transactions are collected in
groups or batches to be processed at the time
where the computer has few online users
• A master file in a semi permanent set of records
• A transaction file contains all the changes made
to the master file
b. Transaction Processing
• Technique of processing in any order they occur
• Real Time Processing means the transaction is
processed fast enough for the result to come
back and be acted upon right away
• Online Processing means that the terminals
must be connected directly to the computer
Review Questions
1. It is also called the “all or nothing gate”

a) NAND gate
b) OR gate
c) AND gate
d) NOR gate
2. It is also called “any or all gate”
a) NAND gate
b) OR gate
c) AND gate
d) NOR gate
3. It is also called “any but not all gate”
a) NAND gate
b) XOR gate
c) XNOR gate
d) NOR gate
4. What is the logic circuit having two or more inputs but only 1 output with
high output if any or all inputs are high, with low output only if all inputs
are low?
a) NAND gate
b) AND gate
c) NOR gate
d) OR gate
5. A solid state device which only gives a “1” output if all inputs are also “1” is
called
a) AND gate
b) OR gate
c) NAND gate
d) NOR gate
6. A solid state logical device which only gives a “1” output if all inputs are “0”
is called a _____ gate
a) NOT
b) OR
c) NOR
d) NAND
7. Is an exclusive bit comparator
a) Exclusive NOR
b) Wired OR
c) NOR gate
d) Exclusive OR
8. What logic circuit is analogous to a single pole mechanical selector switch?
a) Exclusive OR
b) Decoder
c) Multiplexer
d) Encoder
9. The minimum number of 2-input NAND gates needed to construct an
inverter
a) 1
b) 3
c) 2
d) 4
10. The minimum number of 2-input NAND gates needed to construct a 2-input
AND gate
a) 1
b) 3
c) 2
d) 4
11. What level is used to represent logic “0” in a negative logic circuit
a) High Level
b) Low Level
c) Negative Transition level
d) Positive Transition level
12. What do you call the liquid crystal used in LCD?
a) Mercury
b) Ink
c) Silver
d) Nematic Fluid
13. What is the memory element used in clock sequential logic circuit?
a) Read Only Memory
b) Gates
c) Static-RAM
d) Flip-Flop
14. What is the higher voltage level in digital gates and flip-flop circuits?
a) Yes or one
b) Yes or no
c) One or zero
d) Zero or no
15. It is considered as the universal Flip-Flop
a) RS
b) Toggle
c) D
d) JK
16. What is the function of flip-flop as logic element
a) Makes decision
b) Stores Binary data
c) Relay Data
d) Generates Clock Signal
17. ____ is not a type of flip-flop
a) Register
b) RS
c) D
d) Latch
18. _____ refers to the class of logic circuit containing flip flops
a) combinational
b) feedback
c) sequential
d) linear
19. A JK flip-flop whose 2 inputs are both logical 1 is operating in what mode?
a) hold
b) Toggle
c) reset
d) set
20. A JK flip-flop whose 2 inputs are both logical 0 is operating in what mode?
a) hold
b) toggle
c) reset
d) set
21. A JK flip-flop whose J input is logical 1 and K input is logical 0 is operating in
what mode?
a) hold
b) toggle
c) reset
d) set
22. a memory circuit that has 9 addresses inputs has how many storage
locations?
a) Not determined by sets of input
b) 1024
c) 512
d) 256
23. The binary output after 1001 of the mod-10 ripple counter is
a) 1010
b) 10
c) 0000
d) A
24. A half adder is composed of
a) 2 OR gates
b) 1 AND and 1 OR gates
c) 2 AND gates
d) 1 XOR and 1 AND gates
25. It is only an odd parity checker gate
a) AND
b) OR
c) XOR
d) XNOR
26. It is an even parity checker gate
a) AND
b) OR
c) XOR
d) XNOR
27. _____ signal represents the true signal in the truth table
a) Two
b) Four
c) One
d) Zero
28. What is the equivalent of decimal number 11 in binary?
a) 1101
b) 1011
c) 1110
d) 1111
29. What is the equivalent of 143.445 to decimal?
a) 48.96
b) 84.69
c) 48.69
d) 84.96
30. The decimal 36020 is equivalent to hexadecimal _____
a) 8CB4
b) 884C
c) 88BC
d) 8BC8
31. Find the sum of the binary number 1010 and 0011
a) 1111
b) 1021
c) 1011
d) 1101
32. What is the equivalent of decimal 7 in octal?
a) 21
b) 14
c) 49
d) 7
33. What is the equivalent of decimal 15 on octal?
a) 15
b) 16
c) 18
d) 17
34. Which of the following is not used in hexadecimal digit symbols?
a) A
b) F
c) C
d) H
35. What is the hexadecimal equivalent of 117.4465 to decimal?
a) 4F.9316
b) 4F.3916
c) F4.3916
d) F4.9316
36. How many symbols does hexadecimal digital number system used?
a) 16
b) 32
c) 4
d) 8
37. The code 1011 in BCD is
a) invalid
b) 24
c) 11
d) Letter A
38. What is the 9’s complement of 3009
a) 5889
b) 6009
c) 6999
d) 7009
39. What is the equivalent of hexadecimal 1A in decimal?
a) 27
b) 40
c) 26
d) 42
40. What is the 8421 code for 35?
a) 100011
b) 01011011
c) 00110101
d) 110001
41. What is the excess 3 code for 35?
a) 01101000
b) 01011011
c) 100110
d) 110001
42. In binary counting, the number right after 0, 1, 10, 11 is
a) 100
b) 110
c) 12
d) 111
43. _____ Is a byte data stored in a memory location
a) 8 bits
b) Memory word
c) Character
d) 4 bits
44. A digital word consisting of only 4 bits is called a
a) Nibble
b) Dibit
c) Pixel
d) Quad
45. Octal coding involves grouping of bits into
a) 8
b) 3
c) 2
d) 4
46. The octal equivalent of binary number 10101100 is
a) 172
b) 367
c) 254
d) AC16
47. How many symbols are used in Octal digital number system?
a) 2
b) 16
c) 8
d) 4
48. Logical operation 1+1 yields
a) 0
b) 10
c) 2
d) 1
49. Binary Arithmetic operation 1 + 1 yields
a) 0
b) 10
c) 2
d) 1
50. A sum term that contains all the variables of a function in either
complemented or uncomplemented form
a) maxterm
b) product term
c) minterm
d) midterm
51. a product term that contains all the variables of a function in either
complemented or uncomplemented form
a) maxterm
b) product term
c) minterm
d) midterm
52. Another name for demultiplexer
a) Data Selector
b) Transmission Line
c) Register
d) Distributor
53. A logic circuit which accepts 2n inputs and directs one of them to the output
in accordance to condition of the n select lines
a) Encoder
b) Multiplexer
c) Decoder
d) Demultiplexer
54. It is a circuit that converts 2 bits standard ring code to n-bits required code
a) Encoder
b) Multiplexer
c) Decoder
d) Demultiplexer
55. According to distributive law of Boolean algebra, x+ yz is equal to
a) xy + xz
b) x+y+z
c) x
d) (x+y) (x+z)
56. According to identity law of Boolean algebra, x + x’y is equal to
a) 1
b) x
c) 0
d) x+y
57. De Morgan’s Theorem states that (x +y)’ is equal to
58.
a) 1
b) x’y’
c) 0
d) x+y
58. Which of the following can be used in providing De Morgan’s Theorem?
a) Manipulation of Boolean expression
b) Duality
c) Perfect induction
d) Equivalence
59. _____ is called retrieving data from memory
a) Reading
b) Accessing
c) Encoding
d) Getting
60. A dynamic memory will store information
a) when power is applied at regular interval
b) as long as the power is applied to the memory
c) even when the power is not applied to the memory
d) as long as the power is applied to the memory is refreshed
periodically
61. A static memory will store information
a) As long as power is applied to the memory
b) when power is applied at regular intervals
c) even when power is not applied to the memory
d) as long as power is applied and the memory is refreshed periodically
62. _____ can erase EPROMS
a) Applying a 21-volt pulse
b) blowing fuse
c) Applying UV rays
d) turning of the power
63. _____ is called a memory device which holds fixed set of data in a circuit
a) ROM
b) RAM
c) Logic
d) Register
64. _____ is a kind of memory where only manufacturers can store program
and has a group of memory locations each permanently storing a word
a) ROM
b) Hard Memory
c) SOS Memory
d) RAM
65. An interval required to address and read out memory word
a) Propagation Delay
b) Access Time
c) Pulse Duration
d) Setting Time
66. _____ is a segment register which normally access variables in the program
a) Code
b) Extra
c) Data
d) Stack
67. Refers to the part of computer that performs mathematical operations
a) CPU
b) ALU
c) flip-flop
d) assembly language
68. A detailed step by step direction telling a computer exactly how to proceed
to solve a specific problem or process a specific task
a) Sequence
b) Process
c) Flow Chart
d) Computer Program
69. _____ refers to a circuit that stores pulses and produces an output pulse
when specified number of pulses are stored
a) Counter
b) Buffer
c) Register
d) Flip-Flop
70. What is a group of circuits that provides timing and signals to all operation
in the computer
a) input unit
b) output unit
c) control unit
d) memory unit
71. _____ is an output to ROM
a) data
b) multiplexer
c) input code
d) address
72. A _____ is an instruction in a source language that is to be replaced by a
defined sequence of instruction I the same source language
a) statement
b) source code
c) Macro-instruction
d) Mnemonic
73. _____ is a device that stay on once triggered and store one or two
conditions as a digital circuit
a) oscillator
b) gate
c) integrator
d) latch
74. What do you call a circuit that changes pure binary code into ASCII
a) decoder
b) code converter
c) encoder
d) demultiplexer
75. Speed of a logic circuit is normally expressed as _____
a) power consumption
b) logic levels
c) propagation delay
d) speed immunity
76. Diagram showing procedures that are followed, and actions taken is called
a) schematic diagram
b) function block diagram
c) flow chart
d) circuit diagram
77. What is the medium of communication with a computer where programs
are written in mnemonics
a) Assembly Language
b) Low Level Language
c) High Level Language
d) Machine Language
78. _____ are non semi-conductor devices still used in digital memories
a) Gates
b) Magnetic Cores
c) Flip-Flops
d) Relays
79. The purpose of the fetch cycle in a computer is to _____
a) Obtain Instruction
b) Implement a specific operation
c) Obtain input data
d) Obtain memory data
80. _____ is a storage device used to accommodate a difference in the rate of
flow of data or time of occurrence of events when transmitting from one
device to another
a) Accumulator
b) Register
c) Buffer
d) Modem
81. A _____ is a solid state memory device, which depends on the magnetic
polarization of domain, usually in a garnet type material
a) Magnetic Drum
b) Magnetic Disk
c) Magnetic Bubble
d) Magnetic Core
82. What is a multi-wire connection between digital circuits?
a) Bus
b) Cable Ribbon
c) Wire wrap
d) Multiplexed cable
83. _____ is a software that converts a high level language into a machine or
assembly language program
a) ALU
b) CPU
c) Cross-Assembler
d) Compiler
84. An electronic device design to accept data performs prescribed
computational and logical operations at high speed and output the results
of this operation
a) Digital Machine
b) Compiler
c) Computer
d) Simulator
85. What is the smallest part of a computer language
a) Word
b) Binary
c) Bit
d) Byte
86. A _____is a program which converts instruction written in a source
language into machine code, which can be read and acted upon by the
computer
a) Source Code
b) Compiler
c) Assembler
d) Application Software
87. Refers to the part of the computer that interprets instructions
a) ACC
b) Compiler
c) ALU
d) CPU
88. Determine which item is not a storage device
a) card readers
b) magnetic tape
c) CD-ROM
d) diskettes
89. First commercial computer introduced in 1953 that uses values
a) ENIAC
b) IBM-1400
c) UBM-701
d) UNIVAC
90. An English mathematician who invented the slide rule in 1622
a) Blaise Pascal
b) William Oughtred
c) Clifford Berry
d) Charles Babbage
Lessen Your Gaming and Start
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