PA I N T S

• What is paint??
• The paints are coating of fluid material and they are
applied over the surface of timber and metals.
• Paint is a liquid composition after application it is
Convert in to a solid film.

COMPOSITION:-

paint

BINDER SOLVENT

PIGMENT ADDITIVES
 INTRODUCTION
 The final finishing of all surfaces such as
walls, ceilings, woodwork, metalwork ,etc. is
necessary to make them look good and also
for their protection from moisture, termites
etc.
 So according to the nature of the surface and
the finishing required, the surface should be
coated with different types of paints.
 PAINT is a solution of a pigment in water, oil, or organic
solvent, used to cover wood or metal articles either for
protection or for appearance

 For different surfaces different types of paints from

different companies are used.

 Some of the leading companies of India are Asian paints,

nerolac, berger, nippon etc.
 CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS
Paints can be classified under various factors that are:
ON THE BASIS OF BASE USED-

•Oil Paints utilize a drying oil that oxidizes and hardens

to form a tough elastic film when exposed to thin layer of
air.
•Alkyd Paints have as a binder an alkyd resin, such as
chemically modified soy or linseed oil.
•Latex paints have as a binder an acrylic resin that Coalesces as water
evaporates from the emulsion.

• Epoxy paints have an epoxy resin as a binder for increased

resistance to corrosion, abrasion and chemicals
 ON THE BASIS OF PROPERTIES-
•Rust Inhibiting Paints & Primers-
These are especially formulated with anti- corrosive pigments to
prevent or reduce the corrosion of metal surfaces.
•Fire Retardant Paints-
These are especially formulated with silicone and polyvinyl
chloride or other substance to reduce the flame spread of a
combustible material
•Heat resistant paints-

•These are specially formulated with silicone

•Resins to withstand high temperatures.

•In tumescent coatings-

•These when exposed to the heat of a fire, swell to form a thick insulating
layer of inert foam that retards flame spread and combustion.
Properties of an Ideal Paint
• 1. It should be possible to apply easily and freely.
• 2. It should dry in reasonable time.
• 3. It should form hard and durable surface.
• 4. It should not be harmful to the health of workers.
• 5. It should not be easily affected by atmosphere.
• 6. It should possess attractive and pleasing appearance.
• 7. It should form a thin film of uniform nature i.e., it should not crack.
• 8. It should possess good spreading power.
• 9. It should be cheap.
 TYPES OF PAINTS
Paints are categorized in to seven groups:
1. Oil paints
2. Synthetic paints
3. Emulsion paints
4. Cellulose paints
5. Varnishes
6. Water paints (distemper)
7. Special paints
 OIL PAINTS
• These are the traditional type having a linseed oil medium.

• They are respectively termed as primes, undercoats and finishing coats.

• This paint is cheap and easy to apply and it possess good opacity and low
glow.

It consists of various coats:

1. Priming coat

2. Finishing coat

3. Under coat
• Priming coat: Linseed oil, white lead, a small amount of red lead and
extender (a white pigment used to increase bulk, prevent sedimentation
and improve spreading)

• The lead base is particularly suitable for external work;

• Leadless pigments are for internal use.

• Under coats :Linseed oil, white lead(tinted if
required) and has a high quality drying oil.
•Finishing coats : Oil varnish, pigments of
desired colour and perhaps extenders, and
thinnerrs; finishes vary from flat to oil-gloss.
 • SYNTHETIC PAINTS
• The medium for these is a chemical compound, one type
being an oil modified alkyd resin.
• They have the advantages over oil paints in setting
more quickly and offering greater durability where
corrosion is a danger.
• They also have a better flow and are easier to apply.
• Drying is by evaporation of the solvent, by oxidation
and chemical change.
 EMULSION PAINTS
• An emulsion paint has the pigments and the
medium dispersed as small globules in water.
• Oil , synthetic resin and bitumen are common medium.
• The different emulsion paints are alkyd, bitumen,
polyvinyl acetate and styrene emulsions.
• They are used mainly on walls surfaces.
• Alkyd emulsion paints contain pigments, oil, and
synthetic resins, they give a flat finish.
• Bitumen emulsions are those of bitumen in water
• Plus pigments and extenders.
• They are for use on asphalt and bituminous surfaces.
• Polyvinyl acetate(p.V.A.)Emulsion paints have a
• P.V.A. Medium and give a finish from flat to egg shell gloss.
• Styrene emulsions incorporate the synthetic resin styrene in several
forms and have a medium gloss. Its cost is RS-130/litre.
 CELLULOSE PAINTS
• These are synthetically reproduced from cellulose
compounds and most of them have to be applied as a
spray for they dry very quickly by evaporation of the
solvent.
• Apart from some kinds metal powders(aluminium and
bronze) they are not satisfactory for general building
work but can be used for furniture and fittings in houses.
• They are widely used in the motor car industry.
 WATER PAINTS(DISTEMPER)

• Water paint also known as DISTEMPERS.

• They are used mainly on internal walls and ceilings
and most of them give a flat finish.
• There are several kinds are prepared on the site by adding
water to
make a paste.
• They have a drying oil or varnish medium
emulsified in water containing glue or other
fixatives.
• Bartyes is a common pigment along with tinting pigment.
• The cheapest type known as soft or ceiling distemper, contains only
• A glue size vehicle and tinted powdered chalk.
• It can be removed by washing or brushing and so is only used for ceilings.
• Oil bound distemper is a better quality having a mixture of linseed oil,
pigment and extenders.

• It will withstand limited careful washing.

• Its cost is rs-42.5/kg.
 Special paints
ALUMINIUM PAINTS:
These are often used as a primer on resinous woods like Columbian and oregon
pine because they have a good sealing effect.
They contain aluminium powder in a quick drying medium.
ANTI-CONDENSATION PAINTS:
These containing cork filler and whilst.
They are not a substitute for adequate ventilation( the best safeguard against
condensation).
They afford some relief by reducing the transfer of heat.
• BITUMINOUS PAINTS:
The vehicle for these is mostly bitumen.

They provide a cheap method of protecting steel where appearance is secondary.

• CHLORINATED RUBBER PAINTS:

• This contains chlorinated rubber combined with pigments and special thinner.
The paints offer good resistance to acids and alkalis and can be used where fumes from
these Chemicals arise.

They are suitable for internal use on brickwork, concrete and steelwork.
• FIRE-RESISTANT PAINTS:
• These are used to increase the resistance to fire of wood and certain building
boards.
• There are several proprietary types incorporating ammonium phosphate.
• FUNGICIDAL PAINTS:
• These include special ingredients which render them resistance to mildew
and other fungoid attack, useful in humid surroundings.
• HEAT-RESISTING PAINTS:
• They incorporate special varnishes and pigment which do not discolour on
heating.
IMITATION STONE PAINT:
• This imitates natural stone, it contains stone granules in an oil or emulsion
medium.
TEXTURE PAINTS:
• These contain different powders and pigments with glue.
• They used in a stiff consistency to make textured surface on which patterns
can be formed by brush or special implements.

WOOD STAINS:
• It consists of various shades in oil, spirit or water medium.
Emulsion Paint :
These are the superior quality of paint formed by mixing
oil/water and an emulsifying agent to prevent the
combination separating.
They have much better ease of application, are washable and
have a greater overall decorative appeal.
Not only do they have higher coverage than enamels and
distempers, they are mostly washable and can be easily
applied on concrete and stucco surfaces.
Texture paints :
These are used to create to desired visual effects on the walls.
By the use of brushes, rollers, putty knives, trowels and other
applications a variety of patterns can be created. Other paints
can be applied on the textures to create desired effects.
Sometimes, texture paints are tinted prior to application,
giving the desired colour.
Texture paints also help in covering undulations and
levelling surfaces
Cement Paint :
To give a new look for concrete and other cement- based
materials, cement
. paint is the perfect answer.
It is a special paint coatings made for masonry and cement-
based materials, including concrete, mortar (and brick),
concrete block and stucco.
Not only it adds to the aesthetics of the wall but also
provides a waterproofing coating and can supplement the
role of putty.
Enamel Paints :
Enamels are hard, washable and usually glossy
paints.
They can be oil based or alkyd based and come in
several sheens, from eggshell or low-luster to
satin, semi- gloss and high-gloss.
They find application not only on metal surfaces
but also on interior walls and wooden surfaces
 PAINTING TECHNIQUES
BY BRUSH:
• Correctly prepared the surface and using a good quality brush, the
top of the brush is dipped in the paint and the excess removed by
drawing it against the edge of the tin.
• Working from right to left a narrow strip of the work is covered
with vertical brush strokes, the area is then “crossed”.
• The surface is then finally “laid off”.
 SPRAY PAINTING:

• It is an alternative technique essential for cellulose paint.

• Simple spray equipment comprises a motor and fan giving a
current of air delivered by tube to a container and spray gun.
• The gun has a nozzle from which the paint is forced in a fine spray
when a trigger is depressed.
• An air compressor is used in large equipment.
• Painting by spray is quicker for large areas then brushing.
• It also uses less paint for this has to be thinner.
 PROCESS OF PAINTING
Surface Preparation- Surface preparation is important
because it directly affects the surface finish of the
paint.
A paint scrapper, a putty knife or a sand paper is used
to remove loose particles or flakes and the surface is
made enough and free from dust, dirt, grease etc. All
loose material is removed and filled with plaster or
putty mixture.
• Primer coating- it is essential, especially when the Walls to be painted are stained, porous,
have water damage or when we are painting a light colour over a dark color or vice versa.

• Primers help provide a smooth surface, making the surface less absorbent, thus increasing the
spreading capacity of the paint.

• Using primer on the kitchen, bathroom and exterior walls is especially important to aid in the
prevention of mildew.

• Primer helps give uniform colour and texture to the finished paint, and provide better
adhesion to the top coats.

• The type of primer used is also dependent on the kind of surface to be painted, i.E. Different
primers exist for interior walls, exterior walls, wood, metals etc.
Putty Coat :
Putties are generally used in the case of fresh painting or walls that require
total overhauling just like fresh walls, they may not be used for repainting or
touch up exercises. Wall putty should be applied to walls after first primer coat
has dried.
It will fill in minor cracks and surface imperfections, and provide a protective
sub-layer for the expensive paint.
As per the requirement 1-2 coats of putty can be applied, but it is required to
allow the previous coat to dry before applying subsequent coat.
Second Primer Coat :
Generally repainting services require a single coat of primer, but for fresh surfaces or
the surfaces that need considerable leveling and removal of undulations, two primer
coats are required.
Care must be taken that the second primer coat be applied only after the previous
putty coat has dried completely.

Finish Coat :
Generally two coats of finish coat are required to get the desired finish and color. It is
important that each coat must be completely dry before the application of next one.
 PAINTING DEFECTS
BLEEDING: Its an disruption and staining of the
painted surface by chemical action.
It happens when an incorrect paint is applied over
another such as bituminous one.
The remedy is to remove the old paint and renew
with a like one.
Discolouration of paint film due to pigment seeping
to the surface from undercoats or gum from knots
in timber.
BLISTERING: It is a common failure caused by poor
adhesion or by moisture pushing off the paint.
It is prevented by having a dry background ,
proper prining and removal of very resionous
knots.
Formation of small areas of swelling on the
surface caused by painting in the direct heat of
the sun or from trapped moisture, seeping
through to the surface or from corrosion sites.
BLOOMING: it is the mistiness which can appear on varnished or highly

glossed Surfaces.

It is due to the presence of moisture, draughts or frost during application

or condensation on newly painted areas. Remedy is to repaint.

BRUSH MARKS: these may be due to the paint being too stiff, by poor

workmanship or by brushing over paint which has partially set.

They are removed by rubbing down with waterproof abrasive followed

by repainting.
CHALKING: it is the powdering of a paint film usually on exposed

outside surfaces.

It is a sign that repainting is necessary and may be due to poor quality

paint
CISSING: It is the shrinking of a paint film
usually in quite small, but sometimes large
areas.
Shrinkage or contraction of the new coating
away from area which is contaminated by
grease, oil or polish( particularly silicone
types.)
Repainting is the cure.
CRACKING: It starts as fine hair cracks and may to flaking
turn.
It can be due to lack of elasticity in the finishing coat or
Unequal elasticity between coats of a paint containing
excessive driers.
Occurs if the paint had inadequate adhesion and flexibility,
overspreading or thinning of the paint, inadequate surface
preparation or applying to bare wood without primer, and
hardening and fragility as the paint ages Remedy is to
repaint
CRINKLING: It is due to incorrect application and
excess of paint which forms “runs” on the surface.
Remedy is to rub down and start again.
FLAKING: It is due to poor adhesion or
presence of moisture during painting or
Due to inadequate cleaning and
preparation.
Remedy is the defective areas must be redone.
Occurs when the paint peels away from the surface
due to a crack or joint in the film.
It may be caused by use of an unsuitable undercoat,
or shrinkage/ expansion of the surface
Crazing :Irregular cracking of surface film
due to age application of the paint over an
oily or wet undercoat.

Sagging : Formation of a waterfall – like

appearance on the surface due to , too
much paint being applied in one coat.
 TYPES OF FINISHES-
Matt Paint-
Matt color is the most common of interior wall paints.
There’s no shine or sheen to the finish.
It is easy to apply, although it can often take more than a single coat to
create a good solid color.
Matt paint can be applied with a brush or roller and works well on
walls that have imperfections.
On the downside, matt paint is easily marked.
Although some marks can be removed with a damp cloth, matt
paint needs regular retouching.
Satin/ Pearl-
This is very durable in terms of wash ability and resistance to moisture.
It will offer the user the full protection on their walls from dirt, moisture,
stains,etc.
And so it is ideal for areas like bathrooms and kitchens, but will show
even more imperfections on walls because of its strong shine.
 EGGSHELL
An eggshell finish has a shine that’s extremely subtle but without the
same smoothness as a satin finish.
Thus, it doesn’t highlight imperfections quite as much, making it much
more suitable as an interior wall paint.
t’s easy to apply and can often cover in a single coat, making it a better
choice for many people.
Semi-Gloss
Semi-gloss is another common interior paint, although it’s more
commonly used on trim rather than the walls.
It offers a hard finish, is suitable to heavy use and is easy to clean with
just soap and water.
The shine produced is less than full gloss paint, but it’s usually easy to
achieve a good covering with just a single coat.
Gloss Paint
Apart from matt paint, gloss paint is the most common
interior wall paint.
It’s one you can use on most walls, although some people
use it sparingly on these surfaces and prefer to use it on
woodwork because of its high shine.
Gloss paint shows up all the imperfections on a wall and
achieving an even coverage on a wall will often need more
than a single coat of paint.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF PAINTS-
• It should possess a good spreading power i.e. Maximum area of the surface should
be covered by minimum quantity of the paint. Such that it can be
• fairly cheap ,economical and freely applied on the surface.
• it can be easily and it dries in reasonable time and not too rapidly.
• its color is maintained for a long time, hard and durable surface
• should not affect the health of workers during its application.
• should not be affected by weathering actions of the atmosphere.
• should possess attractive and pleasing appearance.
• The surface coated with paint should not show cracks when the paint dries.
• When applied on the surface, the paint should form a thin film of uniform nature.
 INGREDIENTS
Binder, vehicle, or resins-
The binder, commonly called the vehicle, is the film-forming component of
paint.
It is the only component that must be present.
The binder imparts adhesion and strongly influences such properties as
gloss, durability, flexibility, and toughness.
Solvent-
The main purpose of the solvent is to dissolve the polymer and adjust
the viscosity of the paint.
It facilitates the paint’s application, it’s drying, and the formation of a
regular paint film and acts as a carrier for the non volatile components
in a paint. During application and drying, the solvent evaporates.
To spread heavier oils (for example, linseed) as in oil-based interior
house paint, a thinner oil is required.
Pigment or Filler-are granular solids incorporated in the paint to
contribute color.
They can be classified as either natural or synthetic.
Natural pigments include various clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silica, and
talc.
Fillers are a special type of pigment that serve to thicken the film, support its
structure and increase the volume of the paint.
These granular solids impart toughness and texture.
Not all paints include fillers.
On the other hand, some paints contain large proportions of pigment/filler
and binder.
Additives-
Besides the three main categories of ingredients, paint can have a wide variety of
miscellaneous additives, which are usually added in small amounts, yet provide
a significant effect on the product.
Some examples include additives to modify surface tension, improve flow
properties and finished appearance, control foaming etc.
 ADVANTAGES-
 It protects the surface from weathering effects of the atmospheric and actions
by other liquids, fumes and gases.
 It prevents decay of wood And corrosion in metal
 It is used to give good appearance to the surface. The decorative effects may
be created by painting and the surface becomes hygienically good ,clean,
colourful and attractive.
 It provides a smooth surface for easy cleaning
THANK YOU