STRUCTURALSTEEL

PROTO-GERMANIC
Which means ‘standing firm’
Definition:
Steel is an alloy of IRON and CARBON and sometimes with other
elements like Mn,Cr,Ni…etc. It is a hard ,strong grey or bluish grey alloy
which is widely used as a structural and fabricating member.
Earliest  4000 years old  1800 BC 
Noric steel  Roman military
Pioneers of modern steel making
process6thcentury BC

“Tamilians of Tamilakam”
 Wootz steel  Seric IRON  Carbon content

from “Avaram Poo”heated

in crucibles
The CHINESE of the WARRING
states  quenched hardened
steel 403-221 BC

 The Chinese of HAN dynasty

 created steel  by
melting wrought iron with
cast iron 202BC-220 AD Avaram poo – Cassia auriculata
Mainly into 4 types , based on it’s
composition:
1) CARBON steel
2)ALLOY steel
3)STAINLESS steel
4)TOOL steel

But providing a wide range of classification

Source: www.metasupermarkets.com
Continuous cast, elastic furnace…etc
 CATEGORIES OF STEEL
Different types of steel are produced according to the properties required for their application,
and various grading systems are used to distinguish steels based on these properties. According
to the American Iron & Steel Institute (AISI), steels can be broadly categorized into three
groups based on their Chemical Composition:

1. Carbon Steel: Carbon content of steel ranges from 0.05% to 1.7%. It can be further
categories in to 3 categories:
a. Low Carbon Steel (0.05% to 0.15%)
b.Mild Steel (0.15% t0 o.25%). (These two are relatively soft and can subjected to
extensive cold working)
c. Medium Carbon Steel (0.25 to 0.5%)
d.High Carbon (0.5 to 0.9%) Carbon Tools Steel (0.9% to 1.7%)
2. Steel Alloy: In order to manipulate properties of steel like corrosion resistance,
weldability etc., different metals are alloyed with steel for e.g. Nickel, Zinc
etc.

3. Tool Steel: Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in
varying quantities to increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal
for cutting and drilling equipment.

A Wide range of steel is available in the market depending on the carbon

content, various heat treatments, alloying components and coatings over it
STRUCTURAL STEEL
 But Structural Steel should have carbon content from 0.16% to 0.25%. Structural steel are
usually normalized by natural cooling in air after hot rolling process.

 The S275 grade steel is mostly used for smaller beams, angles etc. while Grade S355 is used
usually for larger beams, columns and hollow section.

 Steel Sections can be bent also ; generally smaller sections can be bent to smaller radii as
compared to larger sections.

 But heavier-gauge can be bent to smaller radii as compared to thin gauge.

 Its done through cold bending process which hardens the steel but without loosing its
performance as structural steel.
BI-STEEL PANELS:

 Bi-Steel Panels are two steel plates that are held a part with an array of welded
steel bar connections. Concrete is poured in between the void space.

 This combination acts as RCC. It can be 2m wide and 18 m High.

 Its thickness varies from 200 to 700 mm. these panels are applicable in
construction of shear walls, load bearing walls, core walls.

 This material ideally suited for blast protection

 FIRE PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
There are two approaches to deal with the fire protection of structural steel that is
traditional way by using coatings and the other is fire engineering

1. Applied Protection to Structural Steel

a. Intumescent coating: The thin film coating provide protection up to 120

minutes and it does not affect the aesthetic of exposed steel.

It has full range of colors that can be applied with brush, roller or spray in three
standard finishes basic, normal decorative and high decorative.
Sprayed Coatings: it gives up to 240 minutes fire protection while applied directly to steel. It
usually consist of vermiculite cement or mineral-fiber cement. It is highly textured but
relatively cheap.

c. Boarded Systems: it gives protection from 30 minutes to 240 minutes usually based on
thickness of the board. The are directly screwed to the structural system. And is made of
vermiculite or other mineral fiber with cement along with gypsum or calcium silicate as
binding material.

d. Masonry & Concrete: Structural concrete is fully encased with masonry or light weight
RCC.

d. Water filled Systems: Water is filled in the hollow sections of steel.

2. Fire Engineering: The heating rate of a structural steel depends upon the
severity of fire and degree of exposure of the steel.
Fire engineering calculate the severity of fire based upon the ventilation ratio,
thermal characteristics and then predicts the temperature rises within the
structural steel based on exposure.
The stability of the structural member can be predicted.
From these calculations it is predicted if additional fire protection would be
required or not.
 STEEL ALLOYS
Weathering Steel: Weathering steels are structural steels that are alloyed with the small
proportion of copper.
Its commercial name is corten.
It can be used in cladding as well.
It should be carefully detailed when used particularly with glass or Concrete as it can
cause serious staining issues when rain water impinges on other material after running
down through it.
Its not appropriate for use in marine environment. It prevents the rust to deeply
penetrate inside the structural member.
STAINLESS STEEL
The standard alloy used in construction have 18% chromium and 10% nickel or 17
% chromium and 12 % nickel depending upon the grade of steel.

The corrosion resistance of material is due to the presence of chromium that reacts
with the oxygen to from chromium oxide that immediately heals the scratches.

It is available in hollow and light sections. It can be used for cladding (roofing,
exterior/interior)
 Properties of STEEL can be varied by
VARYING the CARBON content in it.
 Increase in carbon content increases
the SHEAR STRESS and HARDNESS, at
the same time decreases the

DUCTILITY and TOUGHNESS.

 Composition : 0.05% - 2.1% of
Carbon

 Melting point : 1300-1400 C

 Can be hardened and tempered
 Compressive strength : 4.75 – 25.2
tonnes/sq.m
 Ultimate tensile strength : 5.51-11.02
tonnes/sq.m

 It rusts easily
 It’s TOUGH , Mallaeble and Ductile
 It absorbs SHOCKS
 It can be rapidly forged or welded
Commonly USED as a REINFORCEMENT for
RCC , in Steel structures, bolts, rivets and
sheets. For making cutlery, files and
Based on the carbon content steel is of
the following types:
 Dead Mild Steel ( less than 0.15% of C)
 Mild Steel (0.05-0.25% of C)
 Medium carbon steel (0.30-0.60% of
C)

 High carbon steel (0.60 – 1.50% of C)

 Cast steel or Carbon steel ( more than
1.50%)
 Also known as PLAIN CARBON steel
 Most common form of steel
 Material properties acceptable for many
applications

 CARBON CONTENT : 0.05 – 0.25 %

 DENSITY : 7850 kg/m3 (or)
7.85 g/cm3
 YOUNG’S MODULUS: 210 Gpa or
30,000,000psi
 As per Indian Standards(IS)
2062, there are 9 mild steel
grades as :
 Fe 250
 Fe 275
 Fe 300
 Fe 350
 Fe 410
 Fe 450
 Fe 550
 Fe 600
 Fe 650
Characteristic STRESS-STRAIN curve for MILD Where NUMBER denotes the
STEEL value of TENSILESTRENGTHS
of the variant.
 Carbon content : 0.3% - 0.6%
 Manganese content : 0.60% -
1.65%

 Ductile
 Strong
 Long wearing properties
 USES : Large parts of
machinery, forging

and automotive
 Carbon content : 0.60% -
1.70%
 Manganese content : 0.30% -
0.90%

 Holds SHA
 Uses Springs , swords,
high stren th wires

Cold Twisted Deformed(CTD) Bars commonly
known as TOR steel named after TORisteg
Steel Corporation of LUXEMBORG – 1975
Corrosion
Thermo Mechanically Treated (TMT) :
Hard outer surface with a softer core.
Manufactured Hot rolled steel wires
Water Surface harder and core softer
Corrosion resistance, inc
.
 Steel wasn’t made economically till 19th Bessemer converter - 1855
century

 Began in 1855 Introduction of

BESSEMER’S PROCESS
 Raw material PIG iron  Bessemer
converter
 CHEAP and produced LARGE quantities
 Open hearth furnace
 19th century  SIEMENS-MARTIN
process  co-melting of bar
iron with pig iron
 MANUFACTURE OF STEEL
The Production of steel involves a number of sequenced operation; The key stages are as
follows
1. Manufacture of Pig Iron: The raw material for production used are iron ore, coke and lime
stone. It is made in blast furnace. The produced iron 90 to 95% pure with sulphur, phosphorus,
manganese and silicon as impurities and a carbon content of 4 to 5%; which is then directly
transported to steel convertor.
2. Steel-Making: there are two methods for steel making in which further impurities are
removed and alloying components are added. The two methods include i. Basic Oxygen
Process and Electric Arc Process.
3. Casting: The molten metal is now casted into ingots & also into continuous billets and slabs
which are then cut into appropriate length as required.
 The Steel is further processed
into hot or cold rolled products.
1. Hot-Rolled Steel: Sheets are produced of hot
steel slabs through computer controlled rollers.
Other sections as shown in figure are also
produced.

2. Cold-Rolled Steel: Sheet may be further reduced

by cold Rolling . Reinforcement steel is also
produced by cold rolling. Cold Rolling increases
tensile strength of steel.
 Linz-Donawitz process of BASIC
OXYGEN STEEL (BOS) making 
developed in 1950’s  superior
to all
 High Strength and Light weight :
Weight of structure made of steel will
be small
 Uniformity :
Properties of Steel does not change as
opposite to concrete.
 Elasticity:
Steel follows Hooke’s law accurately
 Ductility:
Steel can withstand extensive
deformation without failure under Burj
high tensile stress (ie) it gives WARNING Khalifa
before failure takes place. ,
Dubai
 Toughness :
Steel has both STRENGTH and
Sometimes R/C structures are preferred to steel structures because
sometimes steel structures cannot provide the necessary strength due to
BUCKLING, whereas R/C columns are ge nerally sturdy and massive (ie) no
buckling occurs.
The other disadvantages maybe:
Maintenance Cost : Steel structures
 Corrosion  Air,water & Humidity
 Painted regularly
Fire proofing cost:
SteelIncombustible  But at HIGH
temperatures Strength reduced
 Susceptibility to Buckling :
As the length and slenderness of a
compressive column increases, the
danger of buckling increases.

 Fatigue :
Strength of Steel gets reduced due
to cyclic loading(ie) repeated loading in
regular time intervals

 Brittle fracture:
Under certain conditions Steel
loses DUCTILITY Fracture Stress
concentrated areas  Fatigue type
Howrah Bridge Pamban Bridge
 Chennai Airport Bengaluru International
Airport
 Wankhede Cricket stadium Chennai Chepauk
CricKet Stadium
 Petronas Towers

The Empire State

Building
 Eiffel Tower Burj Khalifa Sears Towers
Taipei 101
 National Olympic stadium- China Golden Gate
Bridge-SF
The LOUVRE
pyramid,
Paris
Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles Montreal Biosphere -
Fuller