SOLAR THERMAL DEVELOPMENT

WHAT IS SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY?

• Solar thermal power generation systems collect and
concentrate sunlight to produce the high temperature heat
needed to generate electricity.
• It is a temporary storage of energy in the form of hot or
cold substances for later utilization.
• Current thermal energy storage systems of solar power
plants rely on material of low energy density and thermal
conductivity, requiring more material at greater cost to
meet storage requirements . To combat this challenge, an
inexpensive thermal energy storage system will be
designed which is significantly smaller with over 20times
better thermal performance than current system
PCM Options
 PCM options
Inorganic :
Glauber’s salt, calcium chloride hexahydrate, sodium
thiosulfate penthydrate, sodium carbonate decahydrate
Benefits:
• Low cost and readily available
• High volumetric storage density
• Relatively high thermal conductivity
Drawbacks:
• Corrosive
• Decomposition
• Incongruent melting
• Supercooling
 PCM options
Organic
Paraffin waxes and fatty acids

Benefits:
• Melts congruently
• Chemically and physically stable
• High heat of fusion

Drawbacks:
• More expensive and flammable
• Low thermal conductivity in solid state
• Lower heat storage capacity per volume
• PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL (PCM) is vital to bridge the gap
between energy availability i.e during day light and energy
use during night time .by using PCM/ Eutectic solutions,
one can store the excess energy while is available during
day peak periods within the cold space using PCM
containers and later use this stored energy.

• Inexpensive salt like rock salt ( Sodium chloride) can be

used as phase change materials , but their use in existing
thermal storage systems is limited because of the poor
thermal conductivity of the salts. So inorder to improve the
conductivity of these salts we have to integrate this with
high conductivity graphite foam.this combination reduces
the overall amount of material needed to build.
 CHACTERISTICS

• Latent heat storage can be achieved through liquid-> solid, solid->

liquid, liquid->gas phase changes. however ,only solid-> liquid and
liquid ->solid phase changes are practical for PCMs.
• Although liquid->gas transitions have a higher heat of
transformation than solid-> liquid transitions, liquid->gas phase
changes are impractical for thermal storage.
• From the picture shown above it is clear that the PCM is recyclable.
• It can freeze without much undercooling.
• No segregation.
• Chemically stable.
• High heat of fusion.
• Safe and non-reactive.
• Low cost and availability
 ENCAPSULATION
• Prevents reactivity towards environment
• Compatible with stainless steel,
polypropylene, and polyolefin
• Controls volume as phases change
• Prevents large drops in heat transfer rates
 BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS
Benefits:
• Higher storage density than sensible heat
• Smaller volume
• Smaller temperature change between storing and releasing
energy
Drawbacks:
• High cost
• Corrosiveness
• Density change
• Low thermal conductivity
• Phase separation
• Incongruent melting
• Supercooling
 OTHER APPLICATIONS
• Cooling: use of off-peak rates
• Cooling: food, wine, milk products (absorbing peaks in demand),
greenhouses
• Heating and hot water: using off-peak rates
• Medical applications: transportation of blood, operating tables,
hot–cold therapies
• Passive storage in bio-climatic building/architecture (HDPE, paraffin)
• Safety: temperature level maintenance in rooms with computers or
electrical/electronic appliances
• Smoothing exothermic temperature peaks in chemical reactions
• Solar power plants
• Spacecraft thermal systems
• Thermal comfort in vehicles
• Thermal protection of electronic devices (integrated in the
appliance)
• Thermal protection of food: transport, hotel trade, ice-cream, etc.
• Thermal storage of solar energy
LOW COST
SOLAR CELL
Solar cell technology was one of
the enabling technologies that let
mankind go to space. solar is one
of the clean and free energy
source but still people can’t afford
it because of it’s cost. so there
was a new technology which have
been developed to overcome this
problem is PEROVSKITE.
Perovskite solar cells hold major
potential for the future
renewable energy and it is very
cheap, easy to produce and
flexible so they can even sprayed
or painted on the surfaces.
Perovskite solar cell ,which is
atleast 10times the size of current
certified high-efficiency
perovskite cells.
 INTRODUCTION
• A perovskite solar cell is a type of solar cell which includes a perovskite
structured compound, most
• commonly a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material, as the
light-harvesting active
• layer.[1]Perovskite materials such as methyl ammonium lead halides are cheap to
produce and simple
• to manufacture.
• Solar cell efficiencies
• The devices using these materials have increased from 3.8% in 2009[ 2] to
• 22.1% in early 2016,[3] making this the fastest-advancing solar technology to
date.[1 ] With the
• potential of achieving even higher efficiencies and the very low production costs,
perovskite
• solar cells have become commercially attractive, with start-up companies already
promising
• modules on the market by 2017.
 MATERIAL
Crystal structure of CH3NH3PbX3perovskites (X=I, Br and/or Cl).
The methylammonium cation (CH3NH3V)
• surrounded by PbX6 octahedra.[7] The name 'perovskite solar
cell' is derived from the ABX3 crystal structure of the absorber
materials,
• which is referred to as perovskite structure. The most
commonly studied perovskite absorber is
• methylammonium lead trihalide (CH3NH3PbX3, where X is a
halogen atom such as iodine, bromine
• or chlorine), with an optical bandgap between 1.5 and 2.3 eV
depending on halide content.
• Formamidinum lead trihalide (H2NCHNH2PbX3) with
bandgaps between 1.5 and 2.2 eV.
• . The minimum bandgap is closer to the optimal for a
single-junction cell thanmethylammonium lead
trihalide, so it should be capable of higher efficiencies.
• A common concern is the inclusion of lead as a
component of the perovskite materials; solar cells
based on tin-based
• perovskite absorbers such as CH3NH3SnI3 have also
been reportedwith lower power-conversion efficiency.
• It is most commonly a hybrid organic and inorganic
lead of tin halide based material as the light harvesting
active layer. This method become popular because
manufacture of this entirely different when compare to
solar cells.

• One big challenge for perovskite solar cells is

the ascept of long term and short term stability. It
holds huge potential for better engineering ,more
efficient solar cells which are excepted to reach in
excess of 20% power conversion efficiency.
• A) cell in which the active layer of mesoporous Tio2 which is coated with the
perovskite absorber. the active layer is contacted with an n-type material for
electron extraction.
• B) flat layer of perovskite is sandwiched between to selective contacts.

• C) charge generation and extraction in the sensitised architecture. After light

absorption in the material absorber the photogenerated electron is injected into
the mesoporous through which it is extracted .the concomitantly generated hole is
transferred to the p-type material.

• D) charge generation and extraction in the thin flim architecture. after light
absorption both charge generation as well as charge extraction occurs in the
perovskite layer.

• This type of solar cell is cost efficient and afford to all sorts of people. But the main
disadvantage is efficiency is comparatively less to that of solar cell
• But if we raise the efficiency cost would get increased. the technology may surge
ahead of silicon cells.
 CONCLUSION
• For future development renewable will play a
vital role in making a country sustainable
• Hope these technologies enchance a clean
environment