The introduction of Soil

Spring for Piled Raft

OUTLINE

▰ Introduction

▰ Calculation Method
▻ Soil spring for raft
▻ Pile spring

▰ Conclusion
2
Introduction
3
 What is “Piled Raft” ? Why we need it ?

▰ Pile Foundation + Raft Foundation

▰ Piles provide additional bearing capacity for
structure.
▰ Structure needs additional piles to resist
buoyancy.

4
 Piled Raft Model

Pin
▰ Pile Spring, kp + Soil Spring, kv
▻ Force redistribution
▻ Deflection analysis Pile Slab
▻ Structure design
▰ “Sensitivity Analysis”
▻ Settlement Pile Soil
▻ Slab of raft design Spring Spring
(kp) (kv)
▻ Bearing capacity of pile
5
Fix
 Soil Spring

subgrade reaction, p
▰ Soil spring descripts a reaction B
of foundation. coefficient of
subgrade reaction
p
▰ Soil spring is not a constant, it Foundation
subgrade reaction Deformation, d
will be effected by d VS
Deformation
▻ Loading
▻ Foundation(size and Stress Line
Soil Material
stress
kv
stiffness) VS
Strain

▻ Soil profile
▻ Soil properties
Stress, s Soil deformation
modulus 6
Strain, e
Soil spring for
raft
7
 Flow Chart of Finding Soil Spring, kv

1. 2. 3. 4.
Basic subgrade reaction Foundation size Consideration Settlement
coefficient (kV0, ks1) and Soil effect of non-linear effect
deformation modulus (E0) correction effect correction

• Get kV0 or ks1 from plate • Terzaghi & Peck • Iterate with structure • Immediate settlement
loading test or from (1967) model to get 𝑝
𝑘=
recommended value. • Japanese Road Equivalent Spring. 𝑠𝑖
• Get E0 from in-situ test, Association Code • Bilinear Spring • Total settlement
laboratory test or SPT-N (JRA) 𝑝
𝑘𝑒 =
1 • Railway Technical 𝑠𝑖 + 𝑠𝑐
𝑘𝑉0 = 𝛼𝐸 (𝑘𝑔Τ𝑐𝑚3 )
30 0 Research Institute
(RTRI)

8
 Empirical equation of Soil Spring,
JRA(日本道路協會)

▰ Basic subgrade reaction coefficient, kV0 𝑝 𝑃Τ𝐴

▻ Plate loading test ▻ 𝑘𝑉0 = =
𝛿 𝛿0
Loading Loading (kN)

Load Cell 1%B0 = 3mm

Jack 1/kV0

Settlement (mm)
Disp. Gage Load Cell

Rigid Plate
( 30x30cm2 or 1x1 ft2 ) 9
 Empirical equation of Soil Spring,
JRA (日本道路協會)
1
▰ Soil deformation modulus, E0 ▰ 𝑘𝑉0 =
30
𝛼𝐸0 (𝑘𝑔Τ𝑐𝑚3 )
▻ SPT-N, EN 1
▻ Plate loading test, Ep = 𝛼𝐸0 (𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚3 )
0.3
▻ Pressuremeter/Dilatometer Test, Eb
▻ Uniaxial/Triaxial Compression Test, Es
a
Soil deformation modulus, E0
Normal, storm Earthquake
Plate loading Test, Ep 1 2
Pressuremeter Test, Eb 4 8
Uniaxial/Triaxial Compression Test, Es 4 8
SPT-N, EN=2800N (kN/m2) 1 2 10
 Empirical equation of Soil Spring,
JRA (日本道路協會)
Position Direction Subgrade Reaction Coef.
(kN/m3)
𝐵𝑉 3 𝛼𝐸0 𝐵𝑉 −3 Size correction
Ver. 𝑘𝑉 = 𝑘𝑉0 ( )−4 = ( ) 4
0.3 0.3 0.3
(1)
Hor. 𝑘𝑆 = 0.3𝑘𝑣
𝛼𝑘 𝛼𝐸0 𝐵𝐻 −3
Ver. 𝑘𝐻 = ( ) 4
0.3 0.3
(2)
Hor. 𝑘𝑆𝑉𝐵 = 0.3𝑘𝐻
0.6𝛼𝑘 𝛼𝐸0 𝐷𝐻 −3
Ver. 𝑘𝑆𝐻𝐷 =
0.3
( ) 4
0.3
▻ BV = AV0.5 = (Base Area)0.5
(3) ▻ ak = Grouting coef.
Hor. 𝑘𝑆𝑉𝐷 = 0.5𝑘𝑆𝐻𝐷
11
 Empirical equation of Soil Spring,
RTRI(日本鐵道總合技術研究所)
Position Direction Subgrade Reaction Coef. ▻ BV = AV0.5 = (Base Area)0.5
(kN/m3) Size correction ▻ bv = Disturbed soil coef.
Ver.
3
𝑘𝑉 = 5.1𝛽𝑣 𝜌𝑔𝑘 𝐸𝑑 (𝐵𝑉 )−4
▻ rgk = Period of loading coef.
(1) Ed=rgEEx/ggE
Hor. 𝑘𝑆 = 0.33𝑘𝑣 Soil deformation modulus, Ex
rgE ggE
3
Ver. 𝑘𝐻 = 5.1𝛽ℎ 𝜌𝑔𝑘 𝐸𝑑 (𝐵𝐻 )−4 Uniaxial/Triaxial Compression
1.0 1.2~14
(2) Test, EU, ECU, ECD
Hor. 𝑘𝑆𝑉𝐵 = 0.33𝑘𝐻 Plate loading Test, EPLr 0.33 1.0~1.1
Pressuremeter Test, Eb 2.5 1.2~1.4
Ver. 𝑘𝑆𝐻𝐷 = 0.33𝑘𝐻
(3) Velocity of P or S wave 0.1 1.0~1.1
Hor. 𝑘𝑆𝑉𝐷 = 0.33𝑘𝐻 SPT-N, EN=2000N (Sand),
- 1.2~1.4
=4000N (Clay) (kN/m2) 12
 Empirical equation of Soil Spring,
Terzaghi (1955)
B1 = 1 ft
▰ Basic subgrade reaction ▰ Recommended ks1 for Sand
p
coefficient
SLAB
w1 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝
𝑘𝑣1 = =
𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤1

B1 B ▰ Foundation size effect ▰ Recommended ks1 for Clay

correction
D1
D 𝑝 𝐵 + 𝐵1 2
𝑘𝑣𝐵 = = 𝑘𝑣1 ( )
𝑤𝐵 2𝐵

13
 Numerical Method of Estimating Soil Spring,
PLAXIS

▰ Multi-layer profile
▰ Uneven soil layer
▰ No in-situ test or laboratory data 196kPa

Loading 5m

40m
Soil Layer 45m

Rock Layer
10m

Existing Condition Plaxis Model 14

 Numerical Method of Estimating Soil Spring,
PLAXIS

Slab Tkn. Slab Tkn. Slab Tkn. Slab Tkn.

d d

Ver. Ver.
Stress Stress
Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1

Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2

15
 Numerical Method of Estimating Soil Spring,
PLAXIS
196kPa
20m width of slab (m) 20m width of slab (m)
5m

Vertical deformation of slab

Vertical deformation of slab

(cm)
(cm)

40m
45m

10m

16
 Non-linear effect of Soil Spring
Elastic
Non-Linear
▰ Real soil behavior

Stress, p
Stress, p
k1
▻ Non-linear spring
▻ Complex
Deformation, y
Deformation, y

▰ Simplify soil behavior Equivalent elasticity

k1(y1) k2(y2) k3(y3)
▻ Elastic Bilinear

Stress, p
yield
▻ Equivalent elasticity
▻ Bilinear Stress, p Perfect elastoplasticity y1 y2 y3

▻ Elastoplasticity k1 Deformation, y

▻ Perfect elastoplasticity Deformation, y 17

 Non-linear effect of Soil Spring
Elastic Equivalent elastic
▰ Elastic k1(y1) k2(y2) k3(y3)

Stress, p

Stress, p
▻ Applied for the structure has an k1

approximately elastic reaction. y1 y2 y3

Deformation, y Deformation, y
▰ Perfect elastoplasticity Perfect elastic-plastic Elastic-plastic
▻ Strain softening material residual strength yield

Stress, p

Stress, p
▻ Clay k2

k1 k1
▰ Elastoplasticity Deformation, y Deformation, y
▻ Strain hardening material
▻ Firm sand, gravel layer or rock 18
 Settlement effect of Soil Spring

▰ Long term
▻ Permanent load
▻ Large loading causes large slab deformation
▻ Effective stress analysis
▻ Shall consider the effect of consolidated settlement

19
 Summary

▰ Foundation analysis model ▰ Scenario

▻ Foundation + Spring ▻ Immediate settlement
▰ Spring ▻ Consolidated settlement
▻ Foundation deformation ▰ Spring type
▻ Soil deformation ▻ Elasticity
Deformation
▻ Soil spring ▻ Equivalent elasticity Increase
▻ Point : Pile ▻ Elastoplasticity
▻ Line : Diaphragm wall,
Cross Wall
▻ Surface: Soil
20
Pile spring
21
 Vertical Spring of Pile, kpv
Q0 Q0
▰ Pile test
▰ Numerical model d0 kph kph
▻ Use solid element simulate
▰ Winkler model
▻ Elastic (linear) kpv kpv
▰ Empirical curve ks
▻ Non-linear (t-z, q-w curve)
▰ Empirical equation
▻ JRA
▻ Bearing capacity vs Estimated settlement
kb
22
 Vertical Spring of Pile, kpv
Q0 Q0
Winkler model - Elastic
d0

▰ Characteristic length U: Pile Perimeter

L: Pile Length
𝑈𝑘
▻ 𝜆 = ( 𝐸𝐴𝑠 )0.5 ks: Shear Spring of Pile qs = ksd0
▻ Rigidity of pile, Scott(1981) h = lL
L
▻ h < 0.4 Rigid pile (No deformation)
▻ 0.4 < h < 2 Flexible pile w/ limited length
▻ h>2 Flexible pile w/o limited length
▰ Rigid pile
qb = kbd0
▻ 𝑘𝑝𝑣 = 𝑈𝐿𝑘𝑠 kph kph
▰ Flexible pile Assume Qb = 0
𝐸𝐴
▻ 𝑝𝑣 𝐿
𝑘 = (𝜂∙tanh 𝜂) limited length
▻ 𝑘𝑝𝑣 = 𝜆𝐸𝐴 unlimited length kpv kpv
23
 Vertical Spring of Pile, kpv
Empirical curve - Non-linear
Q
▰ t-z and q-w Curve t
▻ Pile testing curve ks z
t
▻ Empirical curve z
Reese and O’Neill API
t
z
t
z
t
(a) Cohesion - skin (b) Cohesionless - skin
z
t
q z
Settlement (toe)/Dia. w kb
24
(a) Cohesion - end (b) Cohesionless - end
 Vertical Spring of Pile, kpv
Empirical equation - JRA(日本道路協會) Q

▰ Equivalent spring at pile head ▰ Embedded Length > 10D ksv

▻ 𝑘𝑝𝑣 = 𝛼𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑝 Τ𝐿 Method a
Ap: Base Area of Pile (cm2)
L: Pile Length (cm) Driven pile (percussion) 0.014(L/D)+0.72
Ep: Young's Modulus (kgf/cm2) Driven pile (Vibration) 0.017(L/D)-0.014

▻ 𝛼 = 𝜆𝛾 tanh 𝜆+𝛾
tanh 𝜆+𝜆
𝜆 Cast-in-place pile 0.031(L/D)-0.15

▻ 𝛾 = 𝐴𝐴𝑘𝐸𝑣 𝐿
𝑝 𝑝
Medium excavation pile 0.010(L/D)+0.36
▻ 𝜆 = 𝐿( 𝑘𝑠𝑣 𝑈
𝐴𝑝 𝐸𝑝
)0.5 Pre-bored pile 0.013(L/D)+0.53

A: Base Area of Pile (cm2) kph kph

U: Pile Perimeter (cm) kv
kv: Vertical Spring at Pile Toe (kgf/cm3)
ksv: Shear Spring at Pile Perimeter (kgf/cm3) 25
kpv kpv
 Vertical Spring of Pile, kpv
Empirical equation

信義區Pile Test
Pile Top Loading (Ton)

▰ Common empirical equation Allowable

Pile Top Settlement (mm)

▻ 𝑘𝑝𝑣 = 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 Test Ultimate
𝑄
▻ 𝑘𝑝𝑣 = 2.5 𝑢𝑐𝑚 (Ultimate)
▻ 𝑘𝑝𝑣 = 1.0𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑚 (Allowable)
kph kph

kpv kpv 26
 Vertical Spring of Pile, kpv
Empirical equation
Q
▰ Vesic (1977) Ws
▻ WT = WS + WPP + WPS
= Elasticity + End Bearing + Friction Qs

▻ Ignore Qb Ignore WPP and WPS

kpv = QS/WS or JRA

▻ 𝑊𝑆 = (𝑄𝑏 +𝛼𝑄𝑠)𝐴𝐸𝐿
𝑝
▻ 𝑄𝑎
𝑘𝑝𝑣 = 𝑊 = 𝑊
𝑆
𝑄𝑠
𝑆
Ep: Young's Modulus (kgf/cm2) A: Base Area of Pile (cm2)
a: Type of distribution of friction L: Pile Length (cm)

Qb Pile Test kpv = Qa/S 27

 Horizontal Spring of Pile, kph Q

▰ Bad lateral resistance k

▻ Earth pressure is small at the shallow layer.
▻ The largest deflection is at the pile head.
▰ Criteria of single pile

Lateral Load, p
▻ Long term=1cm or 1% pile dia.
▻ Short term or Earthquake=1.5cm
▻ Elastic behavior 1cm
▰ Horizontal spring Deflection, y
▻ JRA, RTRI or empirical eq. etc.: 𝑘ℎ (𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚3 )
▻ 𝑘 = 𝑘ℎ 𝐷 (𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚2 ) kpv
D: Pile Diameter (m)
28
▻ LPile: P-Y Curve (non-linear)
Horizontal Spring of Pile, kph
日本土質工學會
Free Head Fix Head Free Head Fix Head

29
Horizontal Spring of Pile, kph kph kph
Chang (1937) & Reese and Matlock (1956)
Free Head Fix Head
▰ Elastic behavior kpv k pv
▻ Horizontal force, H
▻ Hor. Displacement at pile head, Y0
▻ kh=H/Y0

30
 Horizontal Spring of Pile, kph
Hsiung, et al., 2006
Free Head
▰ Elastoplastic
▻ Bilinear spring

Soil
yield
Lateral Load, p

py

Fix Head
ν*
Displacement, ν

31
 Horizontal Spring of Pile, kph

▰ (1) Elastic stage Lateral Force

▻ Displacement =1cm or 1.5cm (1) (2) (3)
▻ Elastic or approximately elastic
▻ Elastic analysis
▰ (2) Soil yield stage
▻ If larger displacement is adopted
▻ Elastoplastic analysis Ultimate
Disp.
▰ (3) Soil & pile yield Displacement
▻ Plastic analysis Elastic Soil
Yield
Soil & pile Yield

▰ Piles are difficult to repair after damage

▻ Elastic design 32
Conclusion
33
 Conclusion

▰ The proportion of affording force for pile and raft would

depend on their relative stiffness.
▰ Sensitivity Analysis
▻ Settlement
▻ Use smaller pile and soil spring
▻ Raft design
▻ Larger pile spring Larger negative moment
▻ Larger soil spring Larger positive moment
▻ Bearing capacity of pile
▻ Smaller soil spring Larger pile reaction force
▻ Compressible soil 34
▻ Soil may separate from raft in the future.