Zulham, Radita, Alya

Department of Histology
Faculty of Medicine USU

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ORAL CAVITY TO ANAL CANAL
LIVER AND PANCREAS
General features of the
gastrointestinal tract

 Upper gastrointestinal tract

 Consists of the oral cavity, include lips,
tongue, oral mucosa and salivary glands:
pharynx and esophagus.
 Involved in food intake, preparation of food
for swallowing and digestion, partial
digestion of complex carbohydrates and
conveyance of food from oral cavity to the
stomach
 Lower gastrointestinal tract
 Consistsof the stomach, the small
intestines and yhe large intestines
Lip
 3 regions:
 External aspects
 Is covered by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
 Like the rest of the skin
 Has hairs and eccrine sweat glands
 Vermillion Zone
 The pink region of the lip
 is covered with thin skin, devoid sweat gland and hair follicles
 Mucous aspect
 is covered by stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium
 Contains numerous small mucous glands
 Sub mucosa is composed of dense and loose
connective tissue. They have dense vascularization
 Muscle: skeletal muscle, called orbicularis oris
Lip
 Teeth
 Crown, cervix, root
 Crown covered by enamel ( a
secretion product of
ameloblast)
 Crown rest in dentin ( a
secretion product of
odontoblasts)
 Mineralized: Enamel, Dentin,
Cementum
 Periodonsium: Gingiva,
Alveolus, Periodontal
ligament
 Pulp chamber: Connective
tissue, vascular, lymph, nerve
 Ameloblast
 Tall cells that form
 Odontoblast
an epithelium layer  Secrete dentin, a
with a basement living bone like
membrane within component of
each development teeth. They are
tooth. They secrete extremely
anusual elongated cells
extracelluler matrix that form an
that calcifies to epithelioid layer
form enamel. in the
 Mature enamel developing
differs from bone in tooth.
that lacks
ameloblast
processus. This
Palate
 Composed of hard palate, soft palatae, and
uvula
 Hard palate is composed of str squamous
keratinized/parakeratinized ep, irregular
collagenous CT, and bony shelf
 Soft palate is composed of str squamous
nonkeratinized ep, dense irregular CT,
minor salivary glands, and bony shelf
 Uvula is composed of str squamous
nonkeratinized ep, areolar CT, muscle
Tongue
 Layers
 Is composed of three orthogonally arranged layers
of skeletal muscle fibers
 Dorsal surface
 Lingual papillae
 Filiform papillae
 The most abundant type, flame like structures, do not
contain taste bud
 Fungiform papillae
 Scattered among the filiform papillae, mushroom-shape
structure, contain a few tasted bud
 Foliate papillae (degenerate at 3 y old)
 Circumvalate papillae
 Exist only in the V-shape boundary between the anterior
posterior section, many of tasted bud, Von Ebner glands
produces lipase
 Intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscle
 Papila foliate

Papila filiformis

Papila
circumvallate Papila
fungiformis
 Taste Buds
 Sensory organs, perception
of taste. (In fungiform and
circumvalate papillae)
 Taste pore
 Oval structure, composed of
60 – 80 spindle-shaped cells,
pale. Microvili protrudes
from taste pore
 Basal cells (type IV cells)
 Dark cells (type I cells)
 Light cells (type II cells)
 Intermediate cells (type III
cells)
 Nerve fibers form synaptic
junctions w/ type I, II, III cells
 Microvilli contain
chemoreceptor for four
primary taste sensation
General Structure of Alimentary Canal

 Mucosa
 Epithelium
 Lamina proria (loose CT): glands, lymph vessel and nodules, richly
vascularized
 Muscularis mucosae
 Submucosa
 Dense, irregular fibroelastic CT: glands (+) in oesophagus n duodenum
 Meissner’s submucosal plexus
 Muscularis Externa
 Smooth muscle
 Auerbach’s myenteric plexus
 Serosa/adventitia
 Thin CT
 Serosa, if it is invested by peritoneum
 Adventitia, if it is retroperitoneal
Mucosa Submucosa

Muscularis
externa

Serosa/
Innervation of the Digestive Tract

 Enteric Nervous System

 Meissner’s submucosal plexus
 Controlling secretory, mucosal movement, blood
flow regulation
 Auerbach’s myenteric plexus
 Peristaltic Motility functions
 Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nerve
 Parasympathetic
 Stimulates peristalsis; inhibits sphincter muscle;
triggers secretion
 Sympathetic
 Inhibit peristalsis; activate sphincter muscles
Auerbach myenteric plexus
 Esophagus
 Mucosa
 Epithelium: Str squamous nonkeratinized ep that rest on a
well developed basement membrane
 Lamina propria: esophageal cardiac glands
 Musc. Mucosa: single layer of longitudinally oriented smooth
muscle
 Submucosa, hypocelluler
 Esophageal glands
 Mucous cells
 Serous cells: pepsinogen + lysozyme
 Abundant blood supply
 Muscularis externa
 2 layers: inner circular; outer longitudinal
 1/3 upper skeletal; 1/3 mid skeletal and smooth; 1/3 lower
smooth
 Muscle movement in the upper of the esophagus is under
voluntary control
 Adventitia/Serosa
 Thin layer of collagenous and elastic fibers
 Mucosa Epithelium

Lamina Propria

Muscularis mucosae

Esophageal glands

Submucosa

Inner circular layer

Muscularis Externa

Outer longitudinal layer

Gastroesophageal
Junction
Stomach

 Mucosa
 Submucosa
 Muscularis Externa
 Serosa
 Mucosa of Gaster
 Epithelium: simple columnar ep
 Mucus layer/visible mucus; bicarbonate ion
 Gastric pit/Foveola gastrica
 Surface lining cells
 Regenerative/stem cells
 When empty: rugae
 Lamina propria
 Loose CT, vascular >>>
 Houses gastric/fundic/oxyntic glands
 Surface lining cells
 Mucous neck cells
 Regenerative (Stem) cells
 Parietal (Oxyntic) cells
 Chief (Zymogenic) Cells
 Diffuse NeuroEndocrine System
Cells/APUD/Enteroendocrine/Argentaffin Cells
 Muscularis mucosae
 3 layers: inner circular; outer longitudinal; outermost circular
(occasionally)
Submucosa of gaster
 Many collagen and elastic fibers
 Dense, irregular CT
 Richly vascularized n lymphoid tissue
 Submucosal plexus
Muscularis externa of gaster
 Inner most oblique layer, middle circular layer,
outer longitudinal muscle layer
 Auerbach’s myenteric plexus
Serosa of gaster
 Thin, loose CT covered by simple squamous
ep
Distribution of Cell Type in Fundic
Glands

REGION CELL TYPES

ISTHMUS Surface-lining cells and few DNES cells

NECK Mucous neck cells, Stem cells, parietal

cells, and few DNES cells
BASE Chief cells, occasional parietal cells,
and few DNES cells
Differences in Mucosa Cardiac and
Pylorus
 Cardiac
 Gastric pit depth is
shallower
 Highly coiled glands
 Cell population: mostly
surface-lining cell, some
mucous neck cells, a few
DNES and Parietal cell,
but no chief cells
 Pylorus
 Gastric pit deeper
 Highly convoluted and
tend to branch
 Same as cardiac; but
mostly mucous neck cells
 Surface Lining (Mucous
Surface)Cells
 The most superficial cells in the glands
 Form a simple columnar epithelium that
covers the gastric mucosa
 Produced thick mucus layer
 Contain numerous apical mucous
droplets, a well-development apical Golgi
apparatusnand a basal nucleus and RER
 Stain intensively with PAS reaction
 Secrete a continuous mucous film that
prevents the acidified proteinase
solutions in the stomach from ulcerating
the gastric mucosa
Mucous Neck Cells

 Columnar, resemble surface-lining cells

 Produce soluble mucus and lysozyme to
lubricate gastric contents
 Predominat in pyloric
Regenerative (Stem) Cells

 In the base of pits but more numeous in

the neck
 Columnar
 Have little heterochromatin and display
large nucleolus
Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells
 Large, round to
pyramid-shaped
 Mainly in upper half of
fundic glands
 Produce HCl and
gastric intrinsic factor
 Eosinophilic cytoplasm
 Invaginations apical
plasmalemma to form
intracellular canaliculi
 Tubulovesicular system
Chief (Zymogen) Cells
 Columnar with
basophilic cytoplasm,
basally located nuclei,
apical secretory
granules
(pepsinogen)
 Rich RER, Golgi
apparatus, but a few
lysosomes
 Microvilli
 Secretion of
pepsinogen is induced
by both neural and
hormonal, triggered by
secretin binding to
the receptor (in basal
Small Intestine

Modifications of the Luminal Surface

 Plicae circulares (valves of Kerckring)

 Transverse folds of submucosa and mucosa that form

semicircular to helical elevations
 Vili

 Epithelially covered, finger-like or oak leaf-like protrusions

of lamina propria
 Microvili

 Modifications of apical of intestinal epithelium cell

membrane
 Intestinal Mucosa
 Epithelium: surface absorptive cells, Goblet Cells, DNES
cells, M (microfold) cells
 Lamina propria
 Forms the core of villi
 Tubular glands (Crypts of Lieberkuhn): + Regenerative cells ,
Paneth cells
 Muscularis mucosae
 Inner circular layer; outer longitudinal layer
 Inner layer enter the villus and extend through its core
 Submucosa
 Dense, irregular fibroelastic CT; rich in lymph and
vascular
 Muscularis Externa
 Inner circular, outer longitudinal smooth muscle
 Serosa
Specific Features of Small
Intestine
 Duodenum
 Brunner’s (duodenal) glands in submucosa
 Jejunum
 Plicae circulares (Valves of Kerckring)
 Ileum
 Peyer’s patch
Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum
Organ apakah ini?
 Surface Absorptive Cells
 The most numerous
 Tall cell with basally located nucleus, brush
border (microvili) that are covered by a
glycocalyx (contains disaccharidases and
dipeptidases), and cell junction (junctional
complexes)
 Absorptive cells have an important role in the
transport of digested fats from the intestinal
lumen to the lacteal.
 For terminal digestion and absorptions of
water and nutrients
Goblet Cells
 Unicellular glands
 Produced
mucinogen
Paneth Cells

 Large,
eosinophilic, apical
secretory granules
→ lysozyme
 Pyramid-shape cell
in bottom of crypts
Lieberkuhn
Large Intestine
 Appendix
 Caecum and Colon
 Rectum and Anal Canal
Appendix
 Mucosa
 Epithelium: simple columnar
 Surface absorptive cells, goblet cells, M cells
 Lamina propria
 Loose CT
 Lymphoid nodules
 Shallow crypts of Lieberkuhn
 Surface absorptive, goblet , regenerative, DNES, and Paneth
Cells
 Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa

 Stellate lumen that is filled by debris

Caecum and Colon
 Mucosa
 Epithelium: simple columnarwith microvilli and
numerous goblet cells
 Lamina propria
 Richly endowed crypths of Lieberkuhn
 Rich in lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages
 No Paneth cells; surface absorptive cells >>>>> Goblet
cells >>>, DNES >
 Also contains lymphoid nodules of various sizes, which
commonly extend into the submucosa
 Submucosa
 Muscularis externa
 2 layers: inner circular; outer longitudinal
 Outer longitudinal layer is not continous but is gathered
into 3 fascicles: taenia coli
 Serosa
 Appendices epiploicae: fat-filled pouches
Taenia Coli
Rectum
 Rectum resembles colon but the crypts
of Lieberkuhn are deeper and number
fewer per unit area
 The upper portion of the rectum has a
series of transverse surface folds ; the
lower rectum, or anal canal, has
longitudinal folds called anal columns.
 The rectal mucosa is similar to the
colonic mucosa
 Not contain tenia
Anal Canal
 Mucosa
 Epithelium:
 simple cuboidal from rectum to pectinate line
 Str squamous nonkeratinized: from pectinate line to
external anal orifice
 Str squamous keratinized: epidermis at anus
 Lamina propria houses anal glands (at rectoanal
junction) and circumanal glands (distal end of anal
canal)
 Submucosa
 Fibroelastic tissue houses 2 venous plexus: internal and
external hemorrhoidal plexus
 Muscularis externa
 Inner circular layer becomes thickened at pectinate line
to form internal anal sphincter muscle
 External anal sphicter muscle comes from pelvis
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