Lecture-03

Metrology and Quality Control

TE (Mechanical)

Karveer V.I.
Mechanical Department,
DYPIET, Ambi
 Types and Sources of Error

I) Static Errors
1) Reading Errors
2) Characteristic Errors
3) Environmental Errors

II) Instrument Loading Errors

III) Dynamic Errors
 I. Static Errors
Occur because of physical nature of the various
components of measuring system

1) Reading Errors
 Apply exclusively to the read-out device
 These do not have any direct relationship with
other types of errors within the measuring system
 parallax Error
 Interpolation Error
 Reading Errors contd…
 Parallax Error
Attempts are made to reduce or eliminate reading
errors by relatively simple techniques
 Interpolation Error
It is the reading error resulting from the inexact
evaluation of the position of index with regards to
two adjacent graduation marks between which
index is located
 Interpolation Error contd…
 Accuracy of reading the scale depends upon-
1) the thickness of the graduation marks
2) the spacing of the scale division and
3) the thickness of the pointer used to give the
reading
 Interpolation error can be tackled by using
magnifier over the scale in the vicinity of pointer
or by using a digital read out system
 2) Characteristic Errors

 It is the deviation of the output of the measuring

system from the theoretical predicted performance
or from nominal performance specifications

 Calibration error is included in characteristic error

 3) Environmental Errors

These are due to the effect of surrounding

environmental conditions like temperature,
pressure, etc. on measuring system
 External influences like magnetic or electric fields,
vibrations or shocks, etc. also lead to environmental
errors
 Environmental errors of each part of the measuring
system make a separate contribution to the static
error
 Environmental Errors contd…
 It could be minimized by controlling the
surrounding atmosphere as per the specific
requirements
 II. Instrument Loading Errors
 Loading error occurs due to the change in
measurand itself when it is being measured
 Instrument Loading Error is the difference between
the value of the measurand before and after the
measuring system is connected/contacted for the
measurement
 These errors are inevitable
 It can be minimized by selecting the proper
measuring system or instrument
 III. Dynamic Errors
 It is caused by time variations in the measurand
 It results because of the inability of the system to
respond faithfully to a time varying measurement
 Main reasons being inertia, damping, friction or
other physical constraints in the sensing or read out
or display system
 For statistical study and the study of accumulation
of errors, these errors are broadly classified into
two categories
a) Systematic or controllable errors
b) Random errors

a) Systematic errors
 These are regularly repetitive in nature
 They are of constant and similar form
 These errors result from improper conditions or
procedures that are consistent in action
 Out of all systematic errors, the personal error
varies from person to person
 Other systematic errors can be controlled
 By analyzing properly, they could be determined
and reduced
 They include-
1) Calibration Errors
2) Ambient or atmospheric conditions
3) Stylus Pressure
4) Avoidable Errors

b) Random Errors
 They are non-consistent
 Occur randomly and accidental in nature
 It is difficult to eliminate such errors
 Cause, magnitude and source can not be
determined