Leadership

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 Leadership
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Leadership is the ability to influence a group toward

the achievement of a vision or set of goals
 Management Vs. Leadership
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Management Leadership
 Tells  Sells
 Plans details  Sets direction
 Minimizes risks  Takes risks
 Instructs  Encourages
 Has objectives  Has vision
 Thinks short-term  Thinks long-term
 Assigns duties  Fosters ideas
 Relies on control  Inspires trust

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 Theories of leadership
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 Trait theory – Personal qualities and characteristics

that differentiate leaders form non leaders

 Behavioral Theories of leadership

 Ohio state studies
 Initiating
structure
 Consideration
 University of Michigan studies
 Employee-oriented leaders
 Production-oriented leaders
 Theories of leadership
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 Trait theory
 Behavioral Theories of leadership
 Contingency theories of leadership
 Trait theory
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 Differentiate leaders from non leaders by focusing

on personal qualities and characteristics
 Charismatic, self-assurance, boldness, enthusiastic,
courageous….
 According to Big Five personality framework
 Extraversion

 Conscientiousness

 Openness to experience
 EI may indicate effective leadership
 Trait theory
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 Traits can predict leadership

 Traits can predict the emergence of leaders
 Does not provide a clear distinction between
effective and ineffective leaders
 Behavioral Theories of leadership
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 Is there something unique in the way effective

leaders behave?
 Proposed that specific behaviors differentiate
leaders from non leaders
Trait theories Behavioral Theories

Selecting the right person Train people to be leaders

Can teach leadership and effective

Leaders are born rather than made leaders can be made
 Behavioral Theories of leadership
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Ohio State Studies

 Initiating structure – leaders define and structure
their roles and those of employees for goal
attainment
 Assigns particular tasks to group members
 Expects workers to maintain definite standards of
performance
 Focus on meeting the deadlines

 Followers exhibited higher levels of group and

organizational productivity
 Behavioral Theories of leadership
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Ohio State Studies

 Consideration – leader focus to have job
relationships that are characterized by mutual trust,
respect for employees’ views and regard for their
feelings
 Followers were more satisfied, motivated and had
respect for their leaders
 Behavioral Theories of leadership
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University of Michigan Studies

 To identify the behavioral characteristics of leaders
which are correlated to measures of performance
effectiveness

 Employee-oriented leaders – emphasize on

interpersonal relations
 Production-oriented leaders – emphasize the
technical/task aspects
 Behavioral Theories of leadership
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University of Michigan Studies

 Employee-oriented leaders exhibited strong
correlation with higher group productivity and
greater job satisfaction

 Production-oriented leaders exhibited low group

productivity and lower job satisfaction
 Managerial Grid

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 Contingency Theories
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Fiedler Model
 Effective group performance depends on the proper
match between the leader’s style and the degree to
which the situation gives control to the leader
 Step 1 – Identifying the leadership style
 Leastpreferred coworker scale
 High LPC - Relationship oriented
 Low LPC – Task oriented
 Contingency Theories
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Fiedler Model
 Step 2 – Defining the situation
 Leader-member relations (good Vs Poor)
 Task structure (High Vs Low)
 Position power (Strong Vs Weak)

 Step 3 – Matching leaders and situation

 Task oriented leaders perform best in high and low
control situations
 Relationship oriented leaders perform best in
moderate control situations
  Different leadership styles were needed for
different situations and each leader needed to know
when to exhibit a particular approach
Situational Leadership
 Focuses on followers’ readiness

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 Contingency Theories
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Situational Leadership
 Low ability & Low willingness – Telling
 Low ability & High willingness - Selling
 High ability & Low willingness – Participative
 High ability & High willingness - Delegating

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 Contingency Theories
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Path-Goal theory
 Leader’s job to provide followers with the information,
support and other resources necessary for them to achieve
their goals

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