Mary Ann Nicolas-Guban

ASHI-SHS
ARE YOU READY TO ANSWER
YOUR OWN QUESTIONS IN LIFE?
Nature of Inquiry
- allows individuals to grapple with different ways of looking at ideas
and to think creatively about problems that do not possess simple or
perhaps even any answer
Nature of Inquiry

Research is not a single activity.

It is multiple and adaptable.
What is
The word research is derived from the old French word
CERCHIER, which means to “SEEK or SEARCH.”

LITERALLY, RESEARCH MEANS TO “INVESTIGATE

AGAIN”.
A systematic investigation and study of
materials and sources to establish facts and
reach new conclusions.
Significance
of Research
1 To gather necessary information
 2 To improve standard of living

To have a safer life 3

 4 To know the truth

To explore our history 5

6 To understand arts
Characteristics
of Research
 EMPIRICAL. Based on observations and experimentation of
1
theories.
SYSTEMATIC. Follows orderly and sequential
2
procedures.
EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS. The hypothesis guides the investigation
3
process.
ANALYTICAL. There is no error in the researcher’s
4
interpretations.
OBJECTIVE. All findings are logically based on empirical data
5
(unbiased and logical).
6
ORIGINAL WORK. Researcher’s own investigation.
Characteristics of
 1 Concern for context and meaning

Naturally occurring settings 2

3 Humans as Instruments

Descriptive Data 4

5 Emergent Design
 Part

Human Experience
 Part

Behavior as it happens naturally in a school, classroom,

community or organization
 Part

Only human being can do the field work methods

 Part

Data used are in the form of words or pictures or other visuals

rather than numbers and statistics.
 Part

The design cannot be finalized at the onset.

 Types of Research
Library Research - done primarily in the library where answers to specific
questions or problems are available.
Field Research - done in natural setting such as barangay, school, or factory
Laboratory Research - conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by doing the
study in a thoroughly specified and equipped area
 Ethics and Research
 ETHICS
Norms of conduct that distinguish between
acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
Research Ethics

A research project needs to be designed to

1
create valid outcomes if it is believed to be
pursuing truth.
Research Ethics
Researchers have a duty to ensure that they do not
deliberately mislead participants as to the nature of
2
the research.

3 Researchers have a duty to avoid causing both physical

and psychological difficulties to participants.
 Research Ethics

Researchers are ethically bound to Society trusts that the results of

maintain the privacy of participants and research reflect an honest
confidentiality for any information they attempt to describe the world
5
give and anonymity for their identity.
4
accurately and without bias.
 NOTE:

It is the researcher’s ethical responsibility not to harm the human

participants.
Some Ethical Principles

Honesty
Objectivity
Integrity
Some Ethical Principles
Carefulness
Openness
Respect for Intellectual
Property
Some Ethical Principles

Confidentiality
Responsible publication
Respect for colleagues
Some Ethical Principles
Social Responsibility
Non-discrimination
Competence
Legality
Ethical Issues:

The researcher may uncover or get hold of practices that may not
be acceptable.
Ethical Issues:

The issues of anonymity and confidentiality.

Ethical Issues:

The researcher is expected to give back to the participants of the research and to show
appreciation for their commitment of time, effort and cooperation.
Ethical Issues:

The researcher writes a letter and seeks to be allowed to conduct

a study.
Note:

Be CRITICAL and ETHICAL!

 Research and Other Fields/Areas
1. Economic research refers to matters concerning the environment and which may lead to improved techniques to
ensure sustainanble food production
2. Social research leads to an increased knowledge of people and their interactions with one another, which could
be relevant to policy makers
3. Environmental research focuses on improved techniques to ensure sustainable food production
4. Cultural research leads to increased understanding of cultural values or social approaches
5. Health research contributes to a better understanding of the causes of medical conditions
SEATWORK 1
Make your own meaning of the ACRONYM RESEARCH
R-
E-
S-
E-
A-
R-
C-
H-
Group Activity
Tell whether the following topics are researchable. If not, justify your answer.

Pin pricking effects Who killed Bonifacio?

Ticking of the clock Are leaders born or made
Fying kites Drug addiction
Wild berries ink ML characters
Behavioral patterns K 12 curriculum
Group Activity
Tell whether the following topics are researchable. If not, justify your answer.

Effects of typhoon Brisk walking in park

Sleeping patterns of birds Moon and behavior
Skipping rope Bread and butter
Perception of Mandaya tribe Grades and teaching
Digestion process due to exercise
Brisk walking with music
GROUP ACTIVITY
List importance of research to society and to individuals. Make two
presentations.

SOCIETY
INDIVIDUAL
Directions: Some of the following questions will require more complex thinking while some
demand simple or less thinking. Put a check on the questions that require more complex
thinking and put an X to those that trigger simple and less thinking.

1. What’s the color of your gown?

2. Who bought your gown?
3. Why are some graduating students not willing to wear gowns?
4. Which memo are you talking about?
5. Do you agree that Mr.Cruz was the one who
wrote the memo?
6. Which article seems intriguing to the graduates?
7. What is inside the pocket of the green gown?
8. Who owns the gown?
9. How can the gown make you look more
attractive?
10. Should you wear a gown during the graduation
ball?
Knowing the Research
Process
 Knowing the Research Process
1
•CONCEPTUALIZATION PHASE

2
•DESIGN PHASE

3
•EMPIRICAL PHASE

4
•ANALYTICAL PHASE
Research Process
Conceptualization Phase
1.Topic/Problem Identification
2.Review of Literature
3.Hypotheses/Proposition Development
4.Framework Development
5.Objective Formulation

Dissemination Phase
Design Phase
10. Communicating and Utilizing the
6.Research Plan Formulation
Findings

Analytical Phase
Empirical Phase
8.Data Analysis & Interpretation
7.Data Gathering/Collection
9.Conclusion
THINGS TO CONSIDER IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH

1. KNOWLEDGE
2. TIME
3. AFFORDABILITY
4. ACCESSIBILITY
5. APPLICABILITY
6. NOVELTY
 Knowing the Research Process

Define the Research

Review the Literature Formulate Hypothesis
Problem

Interpret Analyze Collect

and Report Data Data
 QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
THE INVESTIGATOR PRIMARILY USES QUANTIFIABLE CLAIMS FOR DEVELOPING
KNOWLEDGE (e.g., cause and effect thinking, reduction to specific variables and hypotheses and
questions, use of measurement and observation, and the test of theories), EMPLOYS STRATEGIES
OF INQUIRY SUCH AS EXPERIMENTS AND SURVEY, AND COLLECTS DATA ON
PREDETERMINED INSTRUMENTS THAT YIELD STATISTICAL DATA.
 QUALITATIVE APPROACH
One in which the inquirer often makes knowledge claims based primarily on constructivist perspectives
(i.e., the multiple meanings of individual experiences, meanings socially and historically constructed,
with an intent of developing theory or pattern) or advocacy/participatory perspectives. It also uses
strategies of inquiry such as narratives, phenomenology, ethnographies, grounded theory studies, or
case studies. THE RESEARCHER COLLECTS OPEN-ENDED, EMERGING DATA WITH
THE PRIMARY INTENT OF DEVELOPING THEMES FROM THE DATA
 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Purpose
The purpose is to explain and gain insight
and understanding of phenomena through
intensive collection of narrative data.
The purpose is to explain, predict,
and/or control phenomena through
focused collection of numerical
data.
 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Group Studied

Smaller and not randomly Larger and randomly selected

selected
 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Sampling
Purposive: Intent to select “small, ” Random: Intent to select “large, ”
not necessarily representative, sample representative sample in order to
in order to get in-depth understanding generalize results to a population
 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Variables

Study of the whole not variables Specific variables studied

 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Type of Data Collected

Numbers and statistics.
Words, images
 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Form of Data Collected

Quantitative data based on precise
Qualitative data such as open-ended measurements using structured and
responses, interviews, participant validated data-collection instruments
observations, field notes, reflections
 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Type of Data Analysis

Identify statistical relationships
Identify patterns, features, themes
 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Approach to Inquiry
Objective, focused, outcome-
subjective, holistic, process- oriented oriented
 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Research Setting

Controlled setting not as important Controlled to the degree possible

 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Measurement

Non-standardized, narrative (written Standardized, numerical

word) (measurements, numbers)
 Comparison Chart
Qualitative
Design and Method
Flexible, specified only in general terms in advance of study.
Nonintervention, minimal disturbance All Descriptive— History,
Biography, Ethnography, Phenomenology, Grounded Theory,
Case Study, (hybrids of these) Consider many variables,
small group
Quantitative
Structured, inflexible, specified in detail in
advance of study. Intervention, manipulation and
control- Descriptive, Correlation Causal-
Comparative, Experimental. Consider few
variables, large group
 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Role of Researcher Researcher and their biases are not

Researcher and their biases may be known to known to participants in the study, &
participants in the study, & participant participants characteristics are
characteristics may be known to the researcher deliberately hidden from the researcher
 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Data Analysis Raw data are numbers Performed at the

Raw data are in words. Essentially ongoing, end of study, involves statistics (using
involves using the observations/comments to come numbers to come to conclusions).
to a conclusion.
 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Scientific Method Confirmatory or top-down: the researcher

Exploratory or bottom-up: the researcher tests the hypothesis and theory with the
generates a new hypothesis and theory from the data
data collected
 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Focus
Narrow-angle lens: tests specific
Wide-angle lens: examines the breadth and hypotheses
depth of phenomena
 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Nature of Observation
Study behavior under controlled
Study behavior in a natural environment conditions: isolate causal effects
 Comparison Chart
Qualitative Quantitative

Final Report Statistical report with correlations,

Narrative report with contextual description comparisons of means, & statistical
& direct quotations from research significance of findings
participants
What is Qualitative
Research?
As an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem based on
building a complex holistic picture formed with words, reporting detailed
views of informants and conducted in a natural setting (Cresswell,
1994).
As an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem based on
building a complex holistic picture formed with words, reporting detailed
views of informants and conducted in a natural setting (Cresswell,
1994).
Qualitative researchers are interested in understanding the meaning
people
have constructed, that is, how people make sense of their world and the
experiences they have in the world (Merriam, 2009).
 Kinds of Qualitative Research Methods
1. Participant Observation- Immersion in the natural setting.

2. Observation- systematic noting or recording of events.

3. In-depth Interviewing- Large amount of data are gathered quickly and immediate
follow-up and clarifications are possible.
 Kinds of Qualitative Research Methods

4. Focus Group Interviewing- Asks focused questions, in order to encourage

discussion and the expression of differing opinions and points of view.

5. Content Analysis- Systematic examination of forms of communication to document

patterns objectively.
 Kinds of Qualitative Research Methods

6. Narratology- Narrative inquiry (story telling, retelling and reliving of

personal experiences)

7. Films, Videos and Photography- Provide visual records of events.

 Strenghts of Qualitative Research

1. Offers the best light on or best answers to certain phenomena-social,

economic, political or even psychological.

2. Results are exhaustive.

 Strenghts of Qualitative Research

3. Offers several avenues to understand phenomena, behavior, human

conditions and the like.

4. Can build on, or even develop theories through consistent themes,

categories, relationships.
 Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
1. Total immersion in the natural setting of the research can be time-consuming,
tedious and resource-draining.

2. The personal-self and the researcher-self are inseparable, so, subjectivity, on

the part of the researcher, can happen.
TOPIC must be...
Relevant Ethical
Clear Feasible
 Characteristics of a Good Research Problem
1. A research problem must be relevant.
Contribute to knowledge and development, problem should be worth investigating and worth the
time, money and effort to be spent on it.

2. A research problem must be feasible.

Adequate technical expertise skills, equipment, experience
Adequate number of respondents/participants
Affordable time and money
Manageable in scope
 Characteristics of a Good Research Problem
3. A research problem must be clear.
It should be specific, clear and unambiguous. Deals with a limited aspect of a certain
phenomenon.

4. A research problem must be ethical.

The conduct of study should not pose any danger, embarrassment, hurt or any risk to
research respondents/participants or anyone.
 Sources of Research Topics
1. Pressing issues on an individual, organizational or societal level or
success stories
2. Wide reading/critical film viewing (books, journals, magazines,
newspapers, monographs, films, videos and documentaries)
3. Social networking
 Sources of Research Topics
4. Replication (theses and dissertations)

5. Lectures, Talks, Seminars

6. Gray Areas (these are points of interest but very little is known about them)
Ex: Is female circumcision still practiced among specific groups of people?
 Writing a Research Title

Title: Original, Clear, Concise &

Specific
 3 Basic Tips on Writing a Good Research Paper Title

1. Keep it simple, brief and attractive.

The primary function of a title is to provide a precise summary of the
paper’s content.
So keep the title brief and clear.
 3 Basic Tips on Writing a Good Research Paper Title

2. Use appropriate descriptive words.

A good research paper title should contain key words used in the
manuscript and should define the nature of the study.
 3 Basic Tips on Writing a Good Research Paper Title

3. Avoid abbreviations and jargon. Lesser-known or specific

abbreviations and jargon that would not be immediately familiar to the
readers should be left out
 Qualitative Research Title

A Day in the Life of a Young Person with Anxiety: Arts-Based

Boundary Objects Used to Communicate the Results of Health
Research
 Qualitative Research Title

A Geography of Connections: Networks of Humans and Materials in

Mathematics Classroms Using Handheld Technology
 Qualitative Research Title

A History of the Present on the “Sportsman” and the “Sportswoman”

 Qualitative Research Title

A Journey to the Center of Self: Positioning the Researcher in

Autoethnography
 Qualitative Research Title

“A Lame Person is the One Who Has Balls”: Motor Disability,

Adaptive Sports, and Hegemonic Masculinity in Buenos Aires
 Qualitative Research Title

A Living History - A Qualitative Study of Experienced Chiropractors

Treating Visceral Conditions
 Qualitative Research Title

A Millennial Methodology? Autoenthnographic Research in Do-It-

Yourself (DIY) Punk and Activist Communities
 Qualitative Research Title

A Narrative-Developmental Approach to Early Emotions

 Qualitative Research Title

A Software-Assisted Qualitative Content Analysis of News Articles:

Example and Reflections
 Qualitative Research Title

A Study of Media Influences on the Learning Strategies of Students

in the First Years of Secondary School by Means of “Subtexts”
 Qualitative Research Title

Aaron V. Cicourel: I Am NOT Opposed to Quantification or

Formalization or Modeling, but I Do Not Want to Pursue Quantitative
Methods That Are Not Commensurate With the Research Phenomena
Addressed
 Qualitative Research Title

Conference Report: Focusing on Everyday Life

 Qualitative Research Title

Fragile Confidentiality: Ethical Challenges in Research on Holocaust

Education
 Qualitative Research Title

“If I'm Not Nervous, I'm Worried, Does That Make Sense?”: The
Use of Emotion Concepts by Athletes in Accounts of Performance
 Qualitative Research Title

Love and Family: Discussions Between Swedish Men and Women

Concerning the Transition to Parenthood
 Qualitative Research Title

Those Who Were Born Poor: A Qualitative Study of Philippine

Poverty
 Qualitative Research Title

Those Who Were Born Poor: A Qualitative Study of Philippine

Poverty
 Qualitative Research Title

Quality Education for Native Filipinos: A Phenomenological Case

Study of Indigenous Learners
 Qualitative Research Title

Mangyan Courtship Dance: A Lost Tradition

 Qualitative Research Title

STEM Student's Struggles in Senior High School

 Qualitative Research Title

General Luna: A Worthy Leader

 Qualitative Research Title

Peer Pressure in School: Make or Break?