BASIC OF

DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
AGWIN FAHMI FAHANANI
OUTLINE
◦ DIGITAL IMAGING
◦ DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
◦ APPLICATION OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
DIGITAL IMAGING
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
◦ Visible light is essentially electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 400 and 700 nm
Photochemistry of Color Vision by
The Cones
Color Mixing
Hue, Saturation, Brightness
◦ Hue refers to the dominant wavelength in the spectrum, and represents the different colors.
◦ Saturation describes the amount of white light present in the spectrum
Image Acquisition Process
Image Representation
What is Digital Image?
Digital Image f ( x, y )
— a two-dimensional function
x and y are spatial coordinates
The amplitude of f is called intensity or gray level at the point (x, y)
Digital Image Processing
— process digital images by means of computer, it covers low-, mid-, and high-level processes
low-level: inputs and outputs are images
mid-level: outputs are attributes extracted from input images
high-level: an ensemble of recognition of individual objects
What is Digital Image? (Cont’d)
◦ We can think of an image as a function, f,:
◦ f( x, y ) gives the intensity at position ( x, y )
◦ A color image is just three functions pasted together. We can write this as a “vector-valued” function:

 r ( x, y ) 
f ( x, y )   g ( x, y ) 
 

 b ( x, y ) 

Image Acquisition
Image Digitization
◦ Sampling means measuring the value of an image at a finite number of points.
◦ Quantization is the representation of the measured value at the sampled point by an integer.
Matrix Representation
Pixels
◦ In digital imaging, a pixel, pel or picture element is a physical point in a raster image, or the smallest
addressable element in an all points addressable display device; so it is the smallest controllable element of a
picture represented on the screen
Image Sampling
original image sampled by a factor of 2

sampled by a factor of 4 sampled by a factor of 8

Image Quantization
◦ 256 gray levels (8bits/pixel) 32 gray levels (5 bits/pixel) 16 gray levels (4 bits/pixel)

◦ 8 gray levels (3 bits/pixel) 4 gray levels (2 bits/pixel) 2 gray levels (1 bit/pixel)

RGB Image
 RGB Image

R G B
Penyegaran Slide
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image
Processing
Wavelets and
Color Image Morphological
Multiresolution Compression
Processing Processing
Processing

Image Restoration Segmentation

Image Filtering and Representation &

Enhancement Description

Object
Problem Image Acquisition Recognition
Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image
Processing
Wavelets and
Color Image Morphological
Multiresolution Compression
Processing Processing
Processing

Image Restoration Segmentation

Image Filtering and Representation &

Enhancement Description

Object
Problem Image Acquisition Recognition
Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image
Processing
Wavelets and
Color Image Morphological
Multiresolution Compression
Processing Processing
Processing

Image Restoration Segmentation

Image Filtering and Representation &

Enhancement Description

Object
Problem Image Acquisition Recognition
Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image
Processing
Wavelets and
Color Image Morphological
Multiresolution Compression
Processing Processing
Processing

Image Restoration Segmentation

Image Filtering and Representation &

Enhancement Description

Object
Problem Image Acquisition Recognition
Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image
Processing
Wavelets and
Color Image Morphological
Multiresolution Compression
Processing Processing
Processing

Image Restoration Segmentation

Image Filtering and Representation &

Enhancement Description

Object
Problem Image Acquisition Recognition
Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image
Processing
Wavelets and
Color Image Morphological
Multiresolution Compression
Processing Processing
Processing

Image Restoration Segmentation

Image Filtering and Representation &

Enhancement Description

Object
Problem Image Acquisition Recognition
Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image
Processing
Wavelets and
Color Image Morphological
Multiresolution Compression
Processing Processing
Processing

Image Restoration Segmentation

Image Filtering and Representation &

Enhancement Description

Object
Problem Image Acquisition Recognition
Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image
Processing
Wavelets and
Color Image Morphological
Multiresolution Compression
Processing Processing
Processing

Image Restoration Segmentation

Image Filtering and Representation &

Enhancement Description

Object
Problem Image Acquisition Recognition
Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image
Processing
Wavelets and
Color Image Morphological
Multiresolution Compression
Processing Processing
Processing

Image Restoration Segmentation

Image Filtering and Representation &

Enhancement Description

Object
Problem Image Acquisition Recognition
Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image
Processing
Wavelets and
Color Image Morphological
Multiresolution Compression
Processing Processing
Processing

Image Restoration Segmentation

Image Filtering and Representation &

Enhancement Description

Object
Problem Image Acquisition Recognition
Domain
Penyegaran Slide
APPLICATION OF DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
Medical Field
Optical Character Recognition
Character Recognition
Object Detection
Thermal Camera
3D Reconstruction
References
◦ RC. Gonzalez & RE Woods. Digital Image Processing 3rd Edition. Pearson Education
◦ S. Webb Ed. The Physics of Medical Imaging. Medical Science Series. 1988.
◦ P. Suetens. Fundamentals of Medical Imaging. UK. Cambridge University Press. 2002
THE END