ECE30005 Digital Image Processing /Module1 & 2 / Dr. Kalaivani & Dr.

Rajesh Muthu

Module 1

1.When you enter a dark theatre on a bright day, it takes an appreciable interval of time before
you can see well enough to find an empty seat. Which of the visual perception process will play
in this situation and explain it.

2. A medical image has a size of 8x8 inches. The sampling resolution is 5 cycles/mm. How
many pixels are required? Will an image of size 256 x256 be enough?

3. A Flat area with center at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) is illuminated by light source with intensity distribution
2+(𝑦−𝑦 )2 ]
𝑖(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐾𝑒 −[(𝑥−𝑥0 ) 0

Assume the reflectance of the image is constant and equal to 1.0 and 𝐾 =255. If the resulting
image is digitized with k bits of intensity resolution, and the eye can detect an abrupt change of
eight shades of intensity between adjacent pixels, what value of k will cause visible false
contouring?

4. Estimate the diameter of the smallest printed dot that the eye can discern if the page on which
dot is printed is 0.2m way from the eyes (Figure 1). Assume the visual system ceases to detect that
dot when the image of the dot on the fovea becomes smaller than the diameter of one receptor in
that area of the retinal. Assume that the fovea can be modeled as a square array of dimensions
1.5mm x 1.5mm, and that the cones and spaces between the cones are distributed uniformly
throughout this array.

Figure 1
 ECE30005 Digital Image Processing /Module1 & 2 / Dr. Kalaivani & Dr. Rajesh Muthu

5. High definition television (HDTV) generates images with 2125 horizontal TV lines interlaced
(where every other line is painted on the tube face in each of two fields, each field being 1/120th
of a second in duration). The width- to-height aspect ratio is 16:9. The fact that the number of
horizontal lines is fixed determine the vertical resolution of the images. A company has designed
an image capture system that generates digital images from HDTV images. The resolution of
each TV horizontal line in their system is in proportion to vertical resolution, with the proportion
being the width- to -height ratio of the images. Each pixel in the color image as 24 bits of
intensity resolution,8 bits each for a red, a green, and a blue image. These three " primary"
images from a color image. How many bits would it take to store a 4 hour HDTV movie?

6. Transmission is accomplished in packet consisting of a start bit, a byte of information, and a

stop bit, using these facts, a)How many minutes would it take to transmit a 1024x1024 image
with 256 intensity levels using 56K baud modem? b)What would the time be at 3000K baud, a
representation medium speed of a phone DSL connection?

1 52
7. Assume 6 bit grayscale image F= ( ). If the threshold is 0.5, what is the output.
63 32

8. Perform histogram equalization for the given image (Figure2)

44444
34543
35553
34543
[4 4 4 4 4]
Figure 2

9. Perform a histogram equalisation for the given image

Gray Level 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
r(k)
No. of Pixel 8 10 10 2 12 16 4 2
p(k)

10. Perform a histogram equalisation for the given image

Gray Level 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
r(k)
No. of Pixel 8 10 10 2 12 16 4 2
p(k)

and the target histogram is

Gray Level 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
r(k)
No. of Pixel 0 0 0 0 20 20 16 8
p(k)

10. Consider three different raster systems with resolutions of 640 x 480, 1280 x 1024, and
2560 x 2048.What size is frame buffer (in bytes) for each of these systems to store 12 bits
per pixel?
 ECE30005 Digital Image Processing /Module1 & 2 / Dr. Kalaivani & Dr. Rajesh Muthu

11. Consider two raster systems with the resolutions of 640 x 480 and 1280 x 1024

a) How many pixels could be accessed per second in each of these systems by a display
controller
that refreshes the screen at a rate of 60 frames per second?
b) What is the access time per pixel in each system?

12. Consider a raster system with the resolution of 1024 x 768 pixels and the color palette calls
for 65,536 colors. What is the minimum amount of video RAM that the computer must have to
support the above-mentioned resolution and number of colors?

13. How Many k bytes does a frame buffer nees in a 600 x 400 pixel ?

14. How much time is spent scanning across each row of pixels during screen refresh on a raster
system with resolution of 1280 X 1024 and a refresh rate of 60 frames per second?

15. An object is 15cm wide and is imaged with a sensor of size 8.8x8.8 mm from a distance of
0.7m. what should be the required focal length?

16. An image is 2400 pixels wide and 2400 pixels high. The image was scanned at 300dpi. What
is the physical size of the image?

1 2
17.An image F=( ). Construct a 4x4 higher ordered pattern array M2n matrix..
3 4

18. Let V={0,1}, compute the De, D4, D8 and Dm distances between two pixels p and q.

0111
1001
1 1 1 1(𝑞)
1111
(𝑝)
[ ]

1Let V={1,2}, Perform the D4, D8 and Dm distances between two pixels p and q.

19. what is the storage requirement for 1024x1024 binary images.

20. a) What effect would setting to zero the lower-order bit planes have on the histogram of an
image in general?

b) What would be the effect on the histogram if we set to zero the higher-order bit planes
instead?
 ECE30005 Digital Image Processing /Module1 & 2 / Dr. Kalaivani & Dr. Rajesh Muthu

21. Suppose that a digital image is subjected to histogram equalization. Show that a second
pass of histogram equalization will produce exactly the same result as the first pass?

22. The three images shown below were blurred using the square averaging masks of sizes n=23,
25 and 45 respectively. The vertical bars on the lower part of (a) and (c) are blurred, but clear
separation exists between them. However, the bars have merged in in image (b), in spite of
the fact that the mask that produced the image is significantly smaller than the mask
produced image (c) .Explain this. Note that the vertical bars are 5 pixels wide and 20 pixels
apart.

23. In a given application an averaging mask is applied to input images to reduce noise, and
then a Laplacian mask is applied to enhance small details. Would the result be the same
if the order of these operations were reversed?

24. A medical image has a size of 8x8 inches. The sampling resolution is 5 cycles/mm. How many
pixels are required? Will an image of size 256 x256 be enough?

25. Match the images (1-6) shown in the figure 3 with their pixel histograms (A-F)

Figure 3: Images and their Histograms Note that histogram A has a large spike at x=0.
 ECE30005 Digital Image Processing /Module1 & 2 / Dr. Kalaivani & Dr. Rajesh Muthu

26, Justify the statement “Median Filter is the effective tool to minimise salt and pepper noise”
through simple illustration.
24 22 33 25 32 24
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 = [34 𝟐𝟓𝟓 24 𝟎 26 23]
23 21 32 31 28 26
Note: ‘Salt’ refer to high level value and ‘pepper’ refer to low level value

128 212 255

27. Given an Image of size 3x3 as 𝑓 (𝑚, 𝑛) = [ 54 62 124 ]. Determine the output image 𝑔(𝑚, 𝑛)using
140 152 156
𝐿
logarithmic transformation, 𝑔(𝑚, 𝑛) = [𝑐 log(1 + 𝑓(𝑚, 𝑛))] by choosing c= .
log(1+𝐿)

28. The gray level probability density function of an image is given by

𝑝(𝑟) = 5 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (−5𝑟) 0≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1. Which of the transformations 𝑠 = 𝑟 2 or 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡(𝑟) would
produce a better image? Explain.

29, Consider a grayscale image as shown in Fig 4.0

3245
[7 7 8 2]
3123
5467
Fig 4.0

Let each element be a pixel of an image and values of the elements represent intensities of the
pixels. We can see that the intensity of the pixel vary between 1-8. Perform histogram
equalization on this image and scale the intensity to 1-20.

30. What is the source of nearly periodic bright points in the horizontal axis of the spectrum in
the given figure (Fig 5.0).

Fig 5.0

2
31,Exponentials of the form 𝑒 −𝛼𝑟 , with 𝛼 a positive constant, are useful for constructing smooth
intensity transformation functions. Starts with basic function and construct transformation
functions having the general shapes (shown in Fig6.0). The constants shown are input parameters,
and your proposed transformations must include them in their specifications.
 ECE30005 Digital Image Processing /Module1 & 2 / Dr. Kalaivani & Dr. Rajesh Muthu

Fig 6.0

Module 2

1. Generate Haar Basis for N = 2.

2. Generate Haar Basis for N = 4.

3. Prove that if an image f(𝑚, 𝑛), 0 ≤ 𝑚 ≤ 𝑀 − 1 and 0 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 𝑁 − 1 is multiplied by the

𝑀 𝑁
checkboard pattern (−1)𝑚+𝑛 then its DFT is centred at ( 2 , 2 ).

4. Show that one can construct the original image from its unitary transform coefficients and
corresponding basis images. (U is the 2x2 image and A is the transformation matrix)
1 2 1 1 1
𝑈 = [ ] 𝐴= [ ]
3 4 √2 1 −1
5. Perform the KL transform for the given matrix.
4 −2
𝑋=[ ]
−1 3

6.Compute the basis of the KL transform for the input data 𝑋1= (4,4,5)𝑇 , 𝑋2= (3,2,5)𝑇,
𝑋3= (5,7,6)𝑇, 𝑋4= (6,7,7)𝑇

7. Prove that the inverse 2D-DFT of the 2D-DFT of 𝑓 (𝑚, 𝑛)𝑖𝑠 𝑓(−𝑚, −𝑛)
8. Can you think of a way to use the Fourier transform to compute the magnitude of the gradient
for use in image differentiation? If your answer is yes, give a method to do it. If your answers is
no explain why.
9. Check whether the DFT matrix is unitary or not.

10. Compute the 2D DFT of the 4x4 grayscale for the given

1111
1111
𝑓 (𝑚, 𝑛) = [ ]
1111
1111

11.Prove that the DCT is real and orthogonal.

 ECE30005 Digital Image Processing /Module1 & 2 / Dr. Kalaivani & Dr. Rajesh Muthu

12. The basis image of a 2D unitary transform of size 2x2 are

1 1 1 1 1 −1 1 1 1 1 1 −1
𝐻1 = [ ] 𝐻2 = [ ]𝐻 = [ ]𝐻 = [ ]
2 1 1 2 1 −1 3 2 −1 −1 4 2 −1 1

Determine the transform coefficients if the input image is

6 4
𝑓(𝑚, 𝑛) = [ ]. Also reconstruct the image using the first two largest coefficients.
2 1

4 −1
13.Compute the 2D Haar transform of the signal 𝑓(𝑚, 𝑛) = [ ].
2 3

14.The DFT performed for the image 𝑓(𝑚, 𝑛) is given below.what will be the value of F(0,0)?

1214
41456
12104 .
54135
[4 2 4 5 6]

15. Prove that DFT Diagonlises the circulant matrix.

16.What is the complex conjugate and Hermitian matrix of T?

2+𝑗 3
𝑇 = [ ]
−2 7−𝑗

17.Apply DFT to the following sequence and verify whether it work

𝑥 = {1, 2, 8, 9}

18. Let us consider the following 2x2 image and transformation matrix a. Find out the basis
image.

1 2 1 1 1
𝑈 = [ ] 𝐴= [ ]
3 4 √2 1 −1

Show that one can construct the original image from its unitary transform coefficients and
corresponding basis images.

1 2 1 1 1
𝑈 = [ ] 𝐴= [ ]
3 4 √2 1 −1
 ECE30005 Digital Image Processing /Module1 & 2 / Dr. Kalaivani & Dr. Rajesh Muthu

19. A function 𝑓(𝑥) is sampled at four points at 𝑥= 0.5, 0.75, 1.0,1.25 respectively and the
sampled values are 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 2, 3,4,4, } respectively. Find out the Fourier transform
coefficients for the sampled function.
20.Compute the DCT matrix for N=3.

21.Consider the following 2 left images(Figure 1 ) with pure cosines in pure forward diagonal
and mixed vertical+horizontal. Comment on the spectrum direction.

Figure 1

DA1 Questions
1. The two Fourier spectra shown are of the same image. The spectrum of the left corresponds to
the original image, and the spectrum on the right was obtained after the image was padded with
zeros.
(a) Explain the difference of the overall contrast.
(b) Explain the significant increase in signal strength along the vertical and the horizontal axes
of the spectrum shown on the right.

2.A Flat area with center at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) is illuminated by light source with intensity distribution
2+(𝑦−𝑦 )2 ]
𝑖(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐾𝑒 −[(𝑥−𝑥0 ) 0

Assume the reflectance of the image is constant and equal to 1.0 and 𝐾 =255. If the resulting
image is digitized with k bits of intensity resolution, and the eye can detect an abrupt change of
 ECE30005 Digital Image Processing /Module1 & 2 / Dr. Kalaivani & Dr. Rajesh Muthu

eight shades of intensity between adjacent pixels, what value of k will cause visible false
contouring?

3. Estimate the diameter of the smallest printed dot that the eye can discern if the page on which
dot is printed is 0.2m way from the eyes (Figure 1). Assume the visual system ceases to detect that
dot when the image of the dot on the fovea becomes smaller than the diameter of one receptor in
that area of the retinal. Assume that the fovea can be modeled as a square array of dimensions
1.5mm x 1.5mm, and that the cones and spaces between the cones are distributed uniformly
throughout this array.

Figure 1

4. a) What effect would setting to zero the lower-order bit planes have on the histogram of an
image in general?
b) What would be the effect on the histogram if we set to zero the higher-order bit planes
instead?

Reference Books

1. Rafael C.Gonzalez& Richard E.Woods, “Digital Image Processing”, Pearson Education

3rd Edition, 2012.
2. S. Jayaraman, S. Esakkirajan and T. Veerakumar, “Digital Image Processing”, McGraw
Hill Education,2015.
3. Sridhar, “Digital Image Processing”, Oxford University Press, 2011.
4. EE583: Online http://faraday.ee.emu.edu.tr/ee583/