Chapter 2

Network Models

2.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 2-1 LAYERED TASKS

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an

example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.

Topics discussed in this section:

Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy

2.2
 Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.3
 2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.

Topics discussed in this section:

Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation

2.4
 Note

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.

2.5
 Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

2.6
 Layered Architecture
• Within a single machine, each layer calls upon the
services of the layer just below it.
•Between machines, layer x on one machine
communicates with layer x on another machine.
•This communication is governed by an agreed-upon
series of rules and conventions called protocols.
•The processes on each machine that communicate at a
given layer are called peer-to-peer processes.

2.7
 Layered Architecture
•Interfaces Between Layers
•The passing of the data and network information
down through the layers of the sending device and
back up through the layers of the receiving device is
made possible by an interface between each pair of
adjacent layers.

2.8
 Organization of the Layers

•Layers 1, 2, 3 – Network Support Layers

•Layers 5, 6, 7 – User Support Layers
•Layer 4 – links the two subgroups

2.9
 Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.10
 Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2.11
 2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each

layer in the OSI model.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer

2.12
 Figure 2.5 Physical layer

2.13
 Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

2.14
 Physical Layer
•It is also concerned with the following:
•Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
•Representation of bits
•Data rate
•Synchronization of bits
•Line configuration
•Physical topology
•Transmission mode

2.15
 Figure 2.6 Data link layer

2.16
 Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.17
 Data Link Layer

•Other responsibilities of the data link layer include the

following:
•Framing
•Physical addressing
•Flow control
•Error control
•Access control

2.18
 Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.19
 Figure 2.8 Network layer

2.20
 Note

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.21
 Network Layer
•It is also concerned with the following:
•Logical addressing
•Routing

2.22
 Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

2.23
 Figure 2.10 Transport layer

2.24
 Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.

2.25
 Transport Layer
•Other responsibilities of the transport include the
following:
•Service-point addressing
•Segmentation and reassembly
•Connection control
•Flow control
•Error control

2.26
 Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.27
Figure 2.12 Session layer

2.28
 Note

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.

2.29
 Session Layer
•Specific responsibilities of the session layer include the
following:
•Dialog control
•Allows two systems to enter into a dialog. It allows
the communication between two processes to take
place in either half-duplex or full-duplex mode.
•Synchronization
•It allows a processes to add checkpoint, or
synchronization points, to a stream of data.

2.30
 Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.31
 Note

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption.

2.32
 Presentation Layer
•It is also concerned with the following:
•Translation
• It is responsible for interoperability between
different encoding systems. The presentation layer
at the sender changes the information from
sender-dependent format into a common format.
•The presentation layer at the receiving machine
changes the common format into its receiver-
dependent format.
•Encryption
•It means the sender transforms the original
information to another form and sends the
resulting message out over the network.
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 Presentation Layer
•It is also concerned with the following:
•Compression
•Data compression reduces the number of bits
contained in the information.
•Data compression becomes particularly important
in the transmission of multimedia such as text,
audio, and video.

2.34
 Figure 2.14 Application layer

2.35
 Note

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

2.36
 Application Layer
•Services provided by this layer are the following:
•Network virtual terminal
•A software version of a physical terminal, and it
allows user to log on to a remote host.
•File transfer, access, and management
• allows a user to access files in a remote host (to
make changes or read data).
•Mail services
• provides the basis for e-mail forwarding and
storage.
•Directory services
•Provides distributed database sources and access
for global info about various objects and services.
2.37
 Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2.38