TOPOLOGY

• Way of connecting nodes and links to one

another.
• “ Geometrical arrangement of nodes and
computer in a network”
 Types topology
• Bus
• Star
• Tree
• Mesh
• Ring
• Hybrid
Bus: Long cable called bus
Slow network
Data collision
STAR:Each node has dedicated point to
point link only to a central controller
called HUB.Easily moved, isolated, or
interconnected with other networks.
 MESH

User Location A

T1
T1

T1
T1

T1 T1 User Location C
User Location B

User Location D
RING
 Hybrid

• Combination of all topology

 Layering & Protocols

To make the design process easy by breaking

unmanageable task into several smaller task.
 Protocols
• “Set of rules and conventions”
• It has 2 interfaces
1. Service interface:
Defines the operation that perform on the
protocol of some host.
2. Peer interface:
Defines the format & meaning of message
exchanged.
Service and Peer interface
 ISO – OSI model
International Standard Organization
Open System Interconnection
• ISO – is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international
standards.
• OSI – Open Communication between different
systems without changing hardware and
software.
 ISO – OSI model
• OSI model is not a protocol
• It is a virtual model.
• It is a model for understanding & designing a
network architecture.
ISO – OSI model
 7 layers
• Layers 1, 2 & 3 are the network support layers.
• Layers 5, 6and 7 are the user support layers.
• Layer 4 , the transport layer – end to end
reliable data transmission.
OSI layered architecture
OSI layered architecture
 1. Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
 1. Physical layer
Physical layer concerned with
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and
transmission media
• Bits representation – defines the type of
encoding before txn.
• Data rate – defines the txn rate. No. of
bits/sec
• Bits synchronization - sender and receiver
must use the same bit rate.
 Physical layer contd….
• Line configuration – defines the point –to-
point / multipoint comm.
• Physical Topology – defines the “how devices
are connected to make a network”.
• Mode of transmission – defines the “direction
of transmission between 2 devices”. Half
duplex or full duplex.
• Data forwarding – defines the
Unicast/multicast/broadcast transmission.
 Data link layer (frames/MAC)

The data link layer is responsible for

transmitting a group of bits called
frames from one hop (node) to the
next.
 Data link layer (frames/MAC)
• Data link layer adds Header and Trailer
information to the data unit.
• Header – address of source and destination
• Trailer – error control information
Its responsible for
Framing- divides the streams of bits into data
unit called frame.
Physical addressing – Media Access Control
(MAC address – 6byte long)
 Data link layer (frames/MAC)
• Flow control – avoids overwriting on the
receiver’s buffer
• Error control – used to detect and retransmit
damaged or lost frames.
• Access control – find, which device has control
over the link
• Node – Node delivery – responsible for error
free delivery of the entire frame to adjacent
nodes.
 Network layer (packets/logical)

The network layer is responsible for

the delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
 Network layer (packets/logical)
Provides network-wide addressing and a
mechanism to move packets between networks
(routing).
Its responsible for
• Local addressing (4 bytes long)
0.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255
• Routing – routes the packets to their final
destination.
 Transport layer (segments/Port address)

The transport layer is responsible for

the delivery of a message from one
process to another.
 Transport layer (segments/Port address)
Its responsible for
• Service point addressing – Source to
destination delivery i.e., delivery from a
specific process on one node to a specific
process on the other node .
Header – service point address (port address)
• Segmentation and reassembly – breaks a
message into segments, numbers them by
adding sequence no. at the source.
 Transport layer (segments/Port address)
and use the same number at the destination to
reassemble the original message.
• Connection control :
It can be either connectionless or connection
oriented.
connectionless – each segments treats
independently and delivered to transport layer of
destination.
connection oriented – similar to circuit switching.
 Transport layer (segments/Port address)

• Flow control: process-process flow control.

• Error control: process-process error control.

Each host has 65536 ports
20,21 – FTP
23 – telnet
80 - HTTP
 Session layer(Data)

The session layer is responsible for

dialog
control and synchronization
 Session layer(data)

• Main functions of this layer are establish,

maintain and synchronize between two nodes.
Its responsible for
• Dialog control – layer has to decide which user
sends data and what point of time, and whether
the communication is simplex, half, full duplex.
 Session layer(data)

• Synchronization – divides a stream of data into

sub data for avoiding retransmission of entire
messages by adding check point or
synchronizing points.
 Presentation layer(data)

The presentation layer is responsible

for translation, compression, and
encryption.
 Presentation layer(data)

Its responsible for,

• Translation:
Translation between the sender’s and receiver’s
message format is done by the presentation
layer, if two formats are different.
 Presentation layer(data)

• Encryption:
Process of transmitting the original message into
another form (unreadable). Decryption is the
process of reversing the encrypted message to
original form.
 Presentation layer

• Compression:
For efficient transmission, this layer performs
data compression before sending.
It reduces the number of bits transmitted and
decompression at the destination.
 Application layer(data)

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.
 Application layer(data)
Services provided by this layers are,
• File transfer, Access and Management(FTAM)
It allows a user to access, download or upload files
from/to remote host.
• Mail services:
It allows the users to use mail services.
• Directory services:
It provides distributed database sources and access
for global information.
Summary of layers

2.38
Encapsulation example: E-mail
 Example

In Figure shown in below, a node with physical address 10

sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The
two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As
the figure shows, the computer with physical address 10
is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87
is the receiver.

2.41
Physical addresses

2.42
 Example

Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical

address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown
below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

2.43