TS.

HAZLEENA BINTI ABD HALIM

1.1 SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY
 APART FROM DRINKING IT TO SURVIVE, PEOPLE HAVE MANY
OTHER USES FOR WATER. THESE INCLUDE : COOKING
• WASHING THEIR BODIES
• WASHING CLOTHES
• WASHING COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS
• KEEPING HOUSES AND COMMUNITIES CLEAN
• RECREATION; SUCH AS SWIMMING POOLS
• KEEPING PLANTS ALIVE IN GARDENS AND PARKS

Some domestic uses of water.

 WATER…..

• 70% OF EARTH CONSIST WATER

• 3% IS FRESHWATER AND 97% IS SALINE WATER
• WATER IS A TASTELESS, ODORLESS AND COLORLESS
LIQUID
• WATER IS THE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE WITH CHEMICAL
FORMULA H2O: ONE MOLECULE OF WATER HAS TWO
HYDROGEN ATOMS COVALENTLY BONDED TO A SINGLE
OXYGEN ATOM.
SOURCES OF WATER

THERE ARE MANY WAYS IN WHICH WE CAN COLLECT WATER.

A. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES

1) RIVERS OR LAKES
TOWN OR COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLIES ARE SOMETIMES
DRAWN DIRECTLY FROM NEARBY RIVERS OR LAKES.

Rivers and lakes can supply water.

2) RESERVOIRS/DAMS

THIS WATER IS COLLECTED FROM A SPECIAL AREA CALLED

A CATCHMENT. THE CATCHMENT FEEDS WATER INTO A
HOLDING AREA VIA RIVERS, STREAMS AND CREEKS. THE
WATER IS THEN STORED IN A NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL
(MANMADE) BARRIER CALLED A DAM OR RESERVOIR. DAMS
ARE USUALLY PLACED AT THE LOWER END OF A VALLEY.

A surface water dam.

3) Ocean

4 )waterfall
B.GROUNDWATER RESOURCES

1) A bore and well.

2) Aquifer
 1.2 SURFACE AND GROUND WATER
QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• TURBIDITY

TURBIDITY IS MUDDINESS CREATED BY STIRRING UP SEDIMENT OR HAVING FOREIGN PARTICLES SUSPENDED.

• TASTE AND ODOUR

TASTE AND ODOUR IS HARD TO MEASURE AS THERE IS CONSIDERABLE DIFFERENCES AMONG PEOPLE AS TO WHICH
TASTES AND ODOURS ARE ACCEPTABLE.

• COLOUR

COLOUR MEASURED IS DEFINED AS "APPARENT COLOUR"; "TRUE COLOUR" IS MEASURED IN WATER SAMPLES FROM
WHICH PARTICULATE MATTER HAS BEEN REMOVED BY CENTRIFUGATION.

• TEMPERATURE

THE DEGREE OR INTENSITY OF HEAT PRESENT.

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• PH

PH EXPRESSING THE ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY OF A SOLUTION ON A LOGARITHMIC SCALE.

• ACIDITY

VALUES ON A LOGARITHMIC SCALE BELOW THAN 7.

• ALKALINITY

VALUES ON A LOGARITHMIC SCALE MORE THAN 7.

• HARDNESS

HARDNESS OF WATER IS WATER THAT HAS HIGH MINERAL CONTENT.

• CHLORIDES

A COMPOUND OF CHLORINE WITH ANOTHER ELEMENT OR GROUP.

• SULPHATES

A SALT OR ESTER OF SULFURIC ACID, CONTAINING THE ANION SO42−

• IRON

VERY HARD AND IMMOVABLE.

• SOLIDS

FIRM AND STABLE IN SHAPE; NOT LIQUID OR FLUID.

• NITRATES

A SALT OR ESTER OF NITRIC ACID, CONTAINING THE ANION NO3− OR THE GROUP –NO3
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
 COLIFORM
COLIFORM BACTERIA ARE A COMMONLY USED BACTERIAL INDICATOR OF SANITARY
QUALITY OF FOODS AND WATER

 FAECAL COLIFORMS ARE THE GROUP OF THE TOTAL COLIFORMS THAT ARE
CONSIDERED TO BE PRESENT SPECIFICALLY IN THE GUT AND FAECES OF WARM-
BLOODED ANIMALS. ... CONSEQUENTLY, E. COLI IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE SPECIES OF
COLIFORM BACTERIA THAT IS THE BEST INDICATOR OF FECAL POLLUTION AND THE
POSSIBLE PRESENCE OF PATHOGENS
 VIRUS
ULTRAMICROSCOPIC INFECTIOUS AGENT THAT REPLICATES ITSELF ONLY WITHIN
CELLS OF LIVING HOSTS.
 PROTOZOA
A PHYLUM OR GROUPING OF PHYLA THAT COMPRISES THE SINGLE-CELLED
MICROSCOPIC ANIMALS, WHICH INCLUDE AMEBAS, FLAGELLATES AND CILIATES.
 1.3 WATER CONTAMINANT
GENERATION
DISEASES IN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES CAUSED BY GERMS FROM POLLUTED WATER

BACTERIAL DISEASES

• SALMONELLOSIS

• SHIGELLOSIS

• ACUTE DIARRHOEA (CAUSED BY E. COLI)

VIRAL DISEASES

• GASTROENTERITIS

• HEPATITIS A

PARASITIC

• GIARDIASIS

• HOOKWORM INFECTION (THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE THAT HOOKWORM LARVAE CAN LIVE IN DRINKING WATER)
 FIG. 6.12: STOMACH UPSETS CAN BE CAUSED BY CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER.

THE GERMS MAY GET INTO THE WATER:

DIRECTLY BY :

• A LAGOON OVERFLOW EFFLUENT PIPE DISCHARGING INTO A RIVER OR STREAM SUPPLYING DRINKING WATER

• THE PRESENCE OF DEAD ANIMALS IN THE WATER

• PEOPLE OR OTHER ANIMALS SWIMMING, WASHING OR GOING TO THE TOILET IN A DRINKING WATER SUPPLY

INDIRECTLY BY :

• CONTAMINATION FROM AN EFFLUENT SYSTEM, SUCH AS A LEACH DRAIN TOO CLOSE TO A BORE OR THE
OVERFLOW FROM A LAGOON FLOWING INTO A WATER SUPPLY

• PEOPLE WASHING THEMSELVES OR GOING TO THE TOILET IN OR NEAR A WATER SOURCE

THANK YOU