STUDIUM GENERALE

Dr. I Nyoman Gede Wardana, M.Biomed

Anatomy Department Udayana Medical School
http://mandewardana.blogspot.com
 STUDIUM GENERALE

ANATOMY:
ANA = MENGANGKAT
TOME = MEMOTONG
ETYMOLOGY : DISSECTION
 STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

A. The atom [i.e. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), or Oxygen(O)] is the least
complex level. An atom is defined as the smallest particle of an
element. Atoms combine with (react with) other atoms to form...
B. molecules [i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H20)]. A molecule is
defined as a particle composed of 2 or more joined atoms. Molecules
combine with other molecules to form...
C. macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). A
macromolecule is defined as a large molecule. Macromolecules
combine with other macromolecules to form...
D. organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes). An organelle is
defined as a small organ of a cell, which performs a particular function.
Organelles collectively compose ...
D. Cells The cell is defined as the basic unit of structure and function of
living organisms!
Each cell has a set of organelles and performs a particular function (i.e. a
red blood cell has a biconcave shape and is a nucleate. This structure
increases its surface area, allowing for the transport of more oxygen
Some cells have all of the machinery that they need to live.
Similar cells are arranged into...
E. Tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous). A tissue is defined
as a group of similar cells that performs a specialized function. Two or
more tissues combine to form…
F. Organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain). An organ is defined as a structure
consisting of a group of tissues that performs a specialized function. Two
or more organs combine to form…
G. Organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular). An organ system is
defined as a group of organs that act together to carry on a specialized
function. There are 11 organ systems. The eleven organ systems
ollectively form the...
H. Human organism An organism is the most complex level of
organization and is defined as an individual living thing
I. The levels of hierarchy could be further extended to include;
populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere.
ANATOMY, WROTE VESALIUS IN THE PREFACE TO HIS DE
HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA (1543).

• AS THE FIRM FOUNDATION OF

THE WHOLE ART OF MEDICINE
AND ITS PRELIMINARY.
 Terminology

• Anatomicomedical terminology.
• Terminologia anatomica.
• International anatomical terminology.
• (Federative committee on -anatomical terminology,
1998).
• The names of people- are not used in the new
terminology.
 ANATOMY OF HUMAN BODY

• =ANATOMY
• MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY/GROSS ANATOMY.
• MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY=HISTOLOGY.
• WORKS DEALING WITH HUMAN ANATOMY ARE:
– SYSTEMICALL
– REGIONALL
– CLINICALLY
 SYSTEMIC ANATOMY:

• INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM:
– SKELETAL
– ARTICULAR ( JOINT )
– MUSCULAR
• NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• ALIMENTARY SYSTEM
• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• UROGENITAL SYSTEM
• ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
• VISUAL SYSTEM
 REGIONAL ANATOMY:

• ABDOMINAL REGION
• THORACAL REGION
• HEAD AND NECK REGION
• PELVIC REGION
• UPPER LIMBS REGION
• LOWER LIMBS REGION
• BACK REGION
 ANATOMICAL POSITION:

• STANDING ERECT
• HEAD, EYES AND TOES-FORWARD
• UPPER LIMBS BY THE SIDES WITH THE PALMS FACING
ANTERIORLY
• LOWER LIMBS TOGETHER WITH THE FEET DIRECTED
ANTERIORLY
Anatomical Position

Body erect, feet slightly apart,

palms facing forward, thumbs
point away from body
 Body Planes

1. Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions.

midsagittal (median) = equal right and left portions.

2. Transverse Cut: (or horizontal): divides the body into

superior and inferior portions

3. Coronal Cut: (or frontal): divides the body into anterior and
posterior portions.

4. Cross-section: cut at 90 degrees to long axis of the object

5. Oblique section: cut at an angle across an object

6. Longitudinal section: cut with the long axis of an object

Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
 Anatomical Planes:

• Median plane/sagittal plane:

Right and left /dexter et sinister
• Frontal/coronal plane:
Front and back/anterior et posterior.
• Horizontal/tranverse plane:
Upper and lower/superior et inferior.
 Directional Terms

• Superior and inferior – toward and away from the

head, respectively
• Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back
of the body
• Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the
midline, away from the midline, and between a
more medial and lateral structure
 Directional Terms

• Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from

the origin of the body
• Superficial and deep – toward and away from the
body surface
 MOVEMENT OF THE BODY

• GLIDING MOVEMENTS
• ANGULAR MOVEMENTS
• ROTATION
• SPECIAL MOVEMENTS
 Gliding Movements

• One flat bone surface glides or slips over another

similar surface
• Examples – intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and
between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae
 Angular Movement
• Flexion — bending movement that decreases the
angle of the joint
• Extension — reverse of flexion; joint angle is
increased
• Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion — up and down
movement of the foot
• Abduction — movement away from the midline
• Adduction — movement toward the midline
• Circumduction — movement describes a cone in
space
Gliding Movement
Angular Movement
Angular Movement
Angular Movement
 Rotation
• The turning of a
bone around its own
long axis
• Examples
– Between first two
vertebrae
– Hip and shoulder
joints
 Special Movements
• Supination and pronation
• Inversion and eversion
• Protraction and retraction
• Elevation and depression
• Opposition
Special Movements
Special Movements
Special Movements
Special Movements
Special Movements
 Organization of the Body

• AXIAL PORTION • APPENDICULAR

– HEAD – ARMS
– NECK – LEGS
– TRUNK
 Axial Portion
DORSAL CAVITY VENTRAL CAVITY

CRANIAL CAVITY THORACIC CAVITY

brain lungs
mediastinum
VERTEBRAL CANAL thymus
spinal cord heart
esophagus
trachea
* Note that the diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from abdominopelvic
cavities.

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

ABDOMINAL CAVITY PELVIC CAVITY

stomach urinary bladder
liver internal reproductive
spleen organs
gallbladder
small intestine
large intestine

* Note that the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are behind the abdominopelvic cavity. This is
referred to as RETROPERITONEAL.
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes
1. Membrane = a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that
either:
a. covers a vital (visceral organ) = VISCERAL
MEMBRANE
b. lines a body cavity = PARIETAL
MEMBRANE

2. There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane

into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication.
There are specific names for the membranes around the heart, lungs,
and abdominal organs:

Serous Membranes of the LUNGS:

- The membrane on the surface of the lung is called
visceral pleura.

- The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs

are located is called parietal pleura.

- The space between these two membranes is called

the pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
Serous Membranes of the HEART:
- The membrane on the surface of the heart is called
visceral pericardium.

- The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart

is located is called parietal pericardium.

- The space between these two membranes is called the

pericardial cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
 Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS:

- The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is

called visceral peritoneum.

- The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is

called parietal peritoneum.

- The space between these two membranes is called the

peritoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
Organization of the Body
Organization of the Body
 LEARNING TASK
• Describe anatomical position
• Schematic drawings of the following planes:
– Sagittal (median)
– Transverse
– Coronal (frontal)
• Decribe about directional terms in anatomy
• Describe terms for basic movement in
anatomy
• Describe organization of the body
• Describe about thoracic and abdominopelvic
membranes
• Located following organs in the cavity of our
body:
– Stomach
– Heart
– Brain
– Travhea
– Rectum
– Spinal cord
– Esophagus
– Spleen
– Urinary bladder

• Make schematic drawings for regio and

quadran of abdominal cavity
TERIMA KASIH