Multiple Sclerosis

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 Multiple Sclerosis
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MS means there is damage to the protective
sheath (known as myelin) that surrounds the
nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord.

This damage causes scars, in your nervous

system, meaning that your nerves can’t send
signals round your body properly.
 Multiple Sclerosis
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Symptoms of MS: The most common symptoms are:
 problems with controlling your body — like muscle
spasms, weakness, loss of coordination and balance
 tiredness and sensitivity to heat (a hot day or a hot
bath, or even a hot cup of tea, can make symptoms
worse)
 other nervous symptom problems — including
vertigo, pins and needles, dizziness, neuralgia and
problems with eyesight
 continence problems — including bladder
incontinence and constipation
 changes in memory, in concentration, in reasoning,
in emotions, or in mood (such as depression)
 Multiple Sclerosis
Treatments for MS:
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 Medicines are used to ease symptoms as well as to
delay the progression of the disease and reduce the risk
of relapses. The best medicine for you depends on the
type of MS you have.
 Cerebrovascular accident
(CVA)
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It’s the fancy name for a “stroke”. A blood vessel in
the brain may burst causing internal bleeding; or, a
clot may arise in a brain blood vessel (a thrombus),
or arise elsewhere (embolus) and travel to get stuck
in a brain vessel which then deprives brain tissue of
oxygen.

Depending upon the area of the brain involved, the

patient may suffer paralysis, loss of speech or loss of
vision.
Cerebrovascular accident
(CVA)

Cerebrovascular accident
(CVA)
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Cerebrovascular accident
(CVA)
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 Epilepsy
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Greek word for “seizure.” Convulsion is another
term used. Seizures may have many causes and not
all seizures are epilepsy. High fevers in young
children may trigger seizures which are short in
duration, easily controlled and, typically, have no
permanent aftereffects.
a specific condition which may occur at any age,
seizures are more intense, longer lasting in duration,
and recur with some frequency. The condition may
be controlled with medication, or if unresponsive to
drugs, may require surgery.
 Epilepsy
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Common types:
 Generalised seizures involve the whole brain and
therefore the whole body is affected. They include
both generalised tonic-clonic seizures and
generalised absence seizures.

 Focal seizures involve only part of the brain.

 Epilepsy

Generalised tonic-clonic seizures
 Previously known as 'grand mal seizures', these types
of seizures are the most well recognized. The seizure
begins with a sudden loss of consciousness, the body
then becomes stiff followed by jerking of the muscles.
Turning red or blue, tongue-biting and loss of
bladder control are common.
 Confusion, drowsiness, memory loss, headache and
agitation can occur on regaining consciousness.
 Epilepsy
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Generalized absence seizures
 Previously known as 'petit mal seizures', these types
of seizures usually start in childhood, but can occur
in adults. These seizures are brief and characterized
by staring, loss of expression, unresponsiveness and
stopping activity.
 Sometimes eye blinking or upward eye movements
are seen. The person usually recovers immediately
and resumes their previous activity, with no memory
of the event.
 Epilepsy

Focal seizures
 Previously known as 'partial seizures', start in one
area of the brain and affect the parts of the body
controlled by that area of the brain. The seizure may
involve unusual movements, feelings, sensations or
behaviors.
 People can have different levels of consciousness
during focal seizures.
 Epilepsy

What can trigger a  caffeine
seizure?  missing meals
 lack of sleep  being ill or having an
infection
 missed or too much
antiepileptic medication  allergies
 physical and emotional  menstruation
stress  severe changes in
 hormonal fluctuations temperature
 fever  stress
 alcohol or drug use
 flashing lights
Epilepsy
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 Aphasia

It is loss of speech. The speech centers are located on
the left side of the brain in a majority of people.

Loss or impairment of the power to use or

comprehend words usually resulting from brain
damage.
First used in the year 1864.
Aphasia
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 Cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy is a condition in which the ability to
control muscles is reduced due to nervous system
damage before, during or after birth.

This nervous system damage affects body

movement and posture. It often shows up as either
floppy or stiff muscles, or involuntary muscle
movements.
 Cerebral palsy
There are 4 main types 
of cerebral palsy:
 spastic, in which the muscles are weak and stiff
 Dyskinetic (dyskinesia), characterized by writhing or
jerky movements
 ataxic, in which movement is affected by problems
with balance and coordination
 mixed, with a range of the above characteristics
 Alzheimer's disease
 brain cells and
Alzheimer's disease attacks
neurotransmitters (chemicals that carry messages
between brain cells), affecting the way your brain
functions, your memory and the way you behave. It
is also the most common form of dementia.
 Dementia is a collection of symptoms that are caused
by disorders affecting the brain. It affects thinking,
behavior, and your ability to do normal tasks.
Review Nervous System
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Review Nervous System
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