Chapter 1 The Worlds

of Database Systems
1 File Systems and Databases
Prof. Sin-Min Lee
Dept. of Computer Science
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Tuesday Thursday
10:15 – 11:30
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 Text Book

1 NARAYAN
UMANATH &
RICHARD W.
S.

SCAMELL, DATA
MODELING AND
DATABASE
DESIGN, 2007
Thomson
 GOOD REFERENCE

A. Silberschatz, H.F. Korth, S. Sudarshan: Database System

Concepts, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2006.

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 The mediocre teacher tells.
The good teacher explains.

1 The superior teacher

demonstrates.
The great teacher inspires.
 Files and Databases
 File: A collection of records or documents dealing
with one organization, person, area or subject
(Rowley)

1  Manual (paper) files

 Computer files
 Database: A collection of similar records with
relationships between the records (Rowley)
 Bibliographic, statistical, business data, images, etc.
 Introducing the Database
Major Database Concepts
 Data and information

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
Data - Raw facts
Information - Processed data

 Data management
 Database

 Metadata

 Database management system (DBMS)

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 Sales per Employee for Each of ROBCOR’S Two Divisions

Figure 1.1
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 Database Systems
 Types of Database Systems
 Number of Users
 Single-user

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– Desktop database
Multiuser
– Workgroup database
– Enterprise database
 Scope
 Desktop
 Workgroup
 Enterprise
 Database Systems
 Types of Database Systems
 Location

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


Use

Centralized
Distributed

Transactional (Production)
 Decision support
 Data warehouse
 Database
 A Database is a collection of stored operational data
used by the application systems of some particular
enterprise (C.J. Date)

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
Paper “Databases”
 Still contain a large portion of the world’s knowledge
File-Based Data Processing Systems
 Early batch processing of (primarily) business data
 Database Management Systems (DBMS)
 Why DBMS?
 History
 50’s and 60’s all applications were custom built for particular
needs

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


File based
Many similar/duplicative applications dealing with
collections of business data
Early DBMS were extensions of programming languages
 1970 - E.F. Codd and the Relational Model
 1979 - Ashton-Tate and first Microcomputer DBMS
 File Based Systems
Application File
Delivery Toys

1 List

Coal
Estimation
Addresses

Naughty

Just what
asked for Nice Toys
 From File Systems to DBMS
 Problems with file processing systems
 Inconsistent data
 Inflexibility

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

Limited data sharing
Poor enforcement of standards
Excessive program maintenance
 DBMS Benefits
 Minimal data redundancy
 Consistency of data
 Integration of data

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

Sharing of data
Ease of application development
Uniform security, privacy, and integrity controls
 Data accessibility and responsiveness
 Data independence
 Reduced program maintenance
 Terms and Concepts
 Data independence
 Physical representation and location of data and the use of
that data are separated

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
The application doesn’t need to know how or where the
database has stored the data, but just how to ask for it
Moving a database from one DBMS to another should not have
a material effect on application program
Recoding, adding fields, etc. in the database should not affect
applications
 Database Environment

1 CASE
Tools
User
Interface
Application
Programs

Repository
DBMS Database
 Database Components
DBMS
===============
Design tools
Table Creation

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Form Creation
Query Creation
Report Creation Application
Procedural
language
Programs
Database
compiler (4GL)
=============
Run time
Database contains:
Form processor User
User’s Data Query processor
Metadata Report Writer
Interface
Indexes Language Run time Applications
Application Metadata
 Types of Database Systems
 PC databases
 Centralized database
 Client/server databases

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
Distributed databases
Database models
 PC Databases
E.g.:
Access
FoxPro
1 Dbase
Etc.
 Centralized Databases

1 Central
Computer
 Client Server Databases
Client

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Client
Network

Database
Server
Client
 Distributed Databases
Location B
Location C

1 computer
computer

Homogeneous
computer Databases
Location A
 Distributed Databases
Heterogeneous Client
Or Federated Remote
Databases Comp.

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Database
Server
Local Network

Comm
Server
Remote
Client Comp.
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 Introducing the Database
 Importance of DBMS
 It helps make data management more efficient

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and effective.
 Its query language allows quick answers to ad
hoc queries.
 It provides end users better access to more and
better-managed data.
 It promotes an integrated view of organization’s
operations -- “big picture.”
 It reduces the probability of inconsistent data.
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 The DBMS Manages the Interaction
Between the End User and the Database

Figure 1.2
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 Introducing the Database
 Why Database Design Is Important?
 A well-designed database facilitates data

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management and becomes a valuable information
generator.
A poorly designed database is a breeding ground
for uncontrolled data redundancies.
 A poorly designed database generates errors that
lead to bad decisions.
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 Historical Roots
 Why Study File Systems?
 It provides historical perspective.

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
It teaches lessons to avoid pitfalls of data
management.
Its simple characteristics facilitate understanding
of the design complexity of a database.
 It provides useful knowledge for converting a file
system to a database system.
 Contents of the CUSTOMER File

Figure 1.3
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 Table 1.1 Basic File Terminology
Data “Raw” facts that have little meaning unless they have been
organized in some logical manner. The smallest piece of data
that can be “recognized” by the computer is a single
character, such as the letter A, the number 5, or some
symbol such as; ‘ ? > * +. A single character requires one

1 Field
byte of computer storage.
A character or group of characters (alphabetic or numeric)
that has a specific meaning. A field might define a telephone
numbers, a birth date, a customer name, a year-to-date
(YTD) sales value, and so on.
Record A logically connected set of one or more fields that describes
a person, place, or thing. For example, the fields that
comprise a record for a customer named J. D. Rudd might
consist of J. D. Rudd’s name, address, phone number, date
of birth, credit limit, unpaid balance, and so on.
File A collection of related records. For example, a file might
contain data about ROBCOR Company’s vendors; or, a file
might contain the records for the students currently enrolled
at Gigantic University.
 Contents of the AGENT File

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Figure 1.4
 A Simple File System

Figure 1.5
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