Testing – ‘A necessity to end Use’

With the advent of Science and Technology, the concept of

testing is an integral part of research and development,
product design and manufacturing.
• Why we need testing?
• To prove design concepts
• To prove a basis for reliability Safety Protection against
product liability suits Quality Control
• To meet Standards and Specifications To verify the
manufacturing process
• To evaluate competitors products
• To establish a history for new materials Testing & Quality
Control in Plastics Processing Industry
 Test Method
• A definitive procedure for the identification, measurement and
evaluation of one or more qualities, characteristics or properties of
a material, product, system or service that produces a test result.
• Fundamental Aspects of Testing Test Data Helps To determine the
suitability of plastics for a particular application, for quality control
purposes or to obtain a better understanding of there behavior
under various conditions.
• The physical property data obtained by testing is required to design
the product development and failure analysis.
• The testing data are required for to promote the use of plastics.
• Testing feed back helps to aid improved design or quality control
procedures.
 Fundamental Aspects of Testing
Quality Control Test
• Quality control data’s are useful for finding suitability
of a material, design, and product quality.
• It carries out the actual test, make use of test planning
and test data processing.
• The data processing helps In checking reproducibility
and accuracy of the test result.
• Standard methods of tests are required for evaluation
Basic plastics molecule from laboratory level to the
resin & the Product It helps product reliability.
• Liability registration
 REASONS FOR TESTING
• To ensure Incoming raw material are acceptable and
consistent quality.
• Product of intermediate stages of manufacture are of an
acceptable and consistent quality.
• End product of the overall process is of consistent and
acceptable quality.
• To evaluate New or competitive materials or modifications
to a process.
• The fitness for purpose of a material, process or product.
• To obtain Early evidence of changes taking place in a
process.
• To prove Design aspects. Quality control and Safety
 Types of Tests
The following are the major types of test:-
• Analytical Test.
• Material Characterization Test.
• Material property test.
• Product test.
 Types of Tests
Analytical tests are important for :-
• Quality control Development of new materials,
Product designing.
• Process Optimization.
Major analytical tests are :-
• Density and specific gravity test.
• Water absorption test.
• Moisture analysis.
• Sieve Analysis.
 Types of Tests Material
Characterization Test
Material characterization tests are used for:-
• To identify the material To determine chemical
composition
• To determine Structure To determine Flow
Behavior
• Major Characterization Tests are Melt Flow
Test Viscosity Test Molecular Weight and
Molecular Wt Distribution Thermal Properties
(TGA, DSC, TMA) Spectroscopy Microscopy
 Material property
• The property data’s of the material are the major
resource for selection of material, process
optimization and product and mould design.
• The various properties of plastics materials are
determined by standard test methods, such as
ASTM, ISO etc.,
• The most common material property tests are:-
Mechanical properties. Thermal Properties.
Electrical Properties. Optical Properties.
Weathering Properties Chemical Properties
 Performance testing
• Testing of plastics product is important for
predicting product performance.
• This test can be carried out from test specimen
prepared by machining the products or the whole
product.
• Non Destructive Test Preferable where the
product is very expensive and which cannot be
destruct.
• Ultrasonic and Radiography methods are
Advanced NDT
 Standard and Specification
• Standard and specification helps to develop common language for
developers, designers, fabricators, purchasers and suppliers, End
users.
• Standard:- A technical document based on consolidated results of
science, technology and experience approved by a standardizing
body for the benefits of the people.

• Standardization:- It is the activity giving solutions for repetitive

applications to problems, essentially in the sphere of science,
technology and economics aimed at the achievement of the
optimum degree of order in a given contest.

• Technical specification:- A document which lays down

characteristics of a product or a service such as levels of quality
performance, safety or dimensions
 Types of Standards
• Basic standard :- It contains general provisions for one
particular field. Terminology standard:- It is concerned
with terms, definitions, explanatory notes, illustrations,
examples, etc.
• Testing standards:- A standard concerned exclusively
with test methods, supplemented with other
provisions related to testing such as sampling,
statistical methods and sequence of testing.
• Product standard:- A standard specifying some or all
the requirements to be met by a product.
• Safety standard:- A standard aimed at the safety of the
people and goods.
 Bodies or Organization Formulating
Standards
• INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION:-
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO):- In plastics field the principle
body producing standard is ISO.
• International Electrochemical Commission (IEC):- In electrical field IEC producing
standards.
• NATIONAL ORGANIZATION:- British Standard Institution
• (BSI):- BSI was formed in 1901, producing standards in all fields.
• American National Standard Institute (ANSI): ANSI is the premier standardization
body in USA.
• American Society for Testing & Materials (ASTM): ASTM is a Scientific & Technical
Organization formed for the development of standards on characteristics and
performance of materials, products, systems and services and promotion of
related knowledge.
• Deutsche Institute Fur Normung (DIN):- The German standard organization was
formed in 1917 producing standards in all the fields in German language which
published in English, French and Spanish also.
• Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS):- BIS is engaged in developing national standards
and their revision/review from time to time.
 Aims of Standardization
• Aims of standardization in general :- To achieve
maximum overall economy in terms of Cost.
• To ensure maximum convenience in use –
simplification, rationalization, interchangeability of
parts, increased productivity, elimination of
unnecessary waste and shortening of inventories.
• To adopt the best possible solution to recurring
problems by use of scientific knowledge and
technological developments.
• Standardization of sampling procedures, test methods,
grading schemes and quality specification.
 Quality & Standardization
• Quality is “ the totality of features &
characteristics of a product or service that bear
on its ability to satisfy a given need in an
economical manner.”
• The objective of standardization is to ensure
maximum convenience in use by simplification,
rationalization and interchangeability of parts,
increased productivity, elimination of waste,
shortening of inventories, etc.