Linear & Angular Velocity

Things that turn have both a

linear velocity and an angular velocity.

www.vcsc.k12.in.us/lincoln/math/CaseNotes/.../LinearAngVel.ppt
 Things that Turn - Examples
tire on a car or bike

buckets on a waterwheel

teeth on a gear
can on a kitchen cabinet
propeller on an airplane
horse on a Merry-Go-Round
fins on a fan or a windmill
earth on its axis
 Linear & Angular Velocity - Examples
film on a projector or tape on a videotape

turntable in a microwave oven

blade on a lawnmower
Earth around the sun
seat on a Ferris wheel
rope around a pulley
a record on an old record player
drum/barrel in a clothes dryer
 Things that Turn - Examples
lock on your locker
hands on a clock
roller brush on a vacuum cleaner
tops & gyroscopes & dradle
motor crankshaft
blades in a blender
roller skate wheels
Carnival rides: tilt-a-whirl, scrambler, etc.
weather vane washing machine agitator
Linear Velocity

Definition:

Linear Velocity is distance/time:

s
v Distance

Linear t Time
Speed
Linear Velocity

Definition:

Linear Velocity: the speed with which vr
An object revolves a fixed distance t
from a central point.

If you already know the angular velocity,

then …
  r
Ex. 55 mph, 6 ft/sec, 27 cm/min, 4.5 m/sec
Angular Velocity

Definition:

Angular Velocity (ω): the speed
at which an angle opens. 
t
Remember: θ is in radians.

Ex. 6 rev/min, 360°/day, 2π rad/hour

Angular Velocity
Definition:
Angular Velocity is turn/time:

Rotation in

 radians


Angular
Speed
t
Time
(omega)
Solve for the missing variable:


Linear & Angular Velocity
s
Definition of Linear Velocity: v
t
Recall Arc Length Formula r
v
t
Linear Velocity in terms of Angular Velocity: v  r
Angular Velocity
Example: determine the angular velocity if 7.3 revolutions are
completed in 9 seconds. Round to nearest tenth.

1 revolution is 2π radians … so we’re talking about…

7.3  2  14.6  radians

Let’s use the formula:  
t
14.6
  9.2rad / sec
9sec
Angular Velocity
EXAMPLE 2: A carousel makes 2 5/8 rotations per minute.
Determine the angular velocity of a rider on the carousel in
radians per second .

2 85  2.625revolutions

2.625revs 1min 2 radians radians

   0.275
1min 60sec revolution sec
Let us take 2 pendulums hung on a
slim rotating rod for analysis.
 If the 2 pendulums (A and B) rotate one
full cycle, the time taken by them is the
same.

They covered the same amount of

angular distance (360 degree) within the
same amount of time.

This showed that they have exactly

the SAME angular speed.

But is the Linear speed the same?

http://mathsisinteresting.blogspot.com/2008/08/linear-angular-speed.html
Let us take 2 pendulums hung on a
slim rotating rod for analysis.
 The length of the 2 circumferences
travelled by the individual pendulums
are not the same.
The linear length or distance is
therefore NOT the same.
Length = 2 x (pi) x radius.
They took the same time to complete
one full cycle, though.
The linear speed is thus DIFFERENT,
having travelled different length for the
same amount of time.

http://mathsisinteresting.blogspot.com/2008/08/linear-angular-speed.html
More examples

1. If a bicycle covers a distance of 2

meters in 1 sec, find the angular
velocity of its wheel if the radius of the
wheel is 1 meter.
2. Find the angular velocity in rad/sec of
the hour hand of a clock.
Example:
1800 km

A satellite traveling in a circular

orbit approximately 1800 km. 6400 km
above the surface of Earth
takes 2.5 hrs. to make an orbit.
The radius of the earth is Earth

approximately 6400 km.

a) Approximate the linear speed Not to scale
of the satellite in kilometers per
hour.
b) Approximate the distance the
satellite travels in 3.5 hrs.
Example:
1800 km

r = 6400 + 1800 = 8200

t = 2.5 hrs. 6400 km

a) Approximate the linear speed

of the satellite in kilometers per Earth
hour. r
v
t
82002 
Not to scale

v
2.5
v  6560 km / hr
Example:
1800 km

r = 6400 + 1800 = 8200

t = 2.5 hrs. v  6560 km / hr 6400 km

b) Approximate the distance the

satellite travels in 3.5 hrs. Earth
s
v
t Not to scale
s
6560 
3.5
s  22960 km
A small pulley 6 cm in diameter is
connected by a belt to a larger pulley
15cm in diameter. The small pulley is
turning at 120 rpm.
a) Find the angular velocity of the small pulley in
radians per second.
b) Find the linear velocity of the rim of the small
pulley.
A small pulley 6 cm in diameter is
connected by a belt to a larger pulley
15cm in diameter. The small pulley is
turning at 120 rpm.
a) Find the angular velocity of the small pulley in
radians per second.
120 rotations 2 1 min
  
1 min 1rotation 60 sec

 4 radians / sec
A small pulley 6 cm in diameter is
connected by a belt to a larger pulley
15cm in diameter. The small pulley is
turning at 120 rpm.   4 radians / sec
b) Find the linear velocity of the rim of the small
pulley.
v  r
v  3cm4 radians / sec
v  12 cm / sec
Trigonometric
Ratios

A RATIO is a comparison
of two numbers. For
example;
boys to girls
cats : dogs
right : wrong.

In Trigonometry, the
comparison is between
sides of a triangle.
In trigonometry, the ratio we are talking
about is the comparison of the sides of a
RIGHT TRIANGLE.
Two things MUST BE understood:
1. This is the hypotenuse.. This
will ALWAYS be the hypotenuse
2. This is 90°… this makes the
right triangle a right triangle…. Without
it, we can not do this trig… we WILL NOT
use it in our calculations because we
COULD NOT do calculations without it.
 Now that we agree about the hypotenuse and right angle,
there are only 4 things left; the 2 other angles and the 2
other sides.
If we look at angle A, there is
We will refer to the sides
A in terms of their proximity
one side that is adjacent to it
and the other side is opposite
to the angle
from it, and of course we have
the hypotenuse.

hypotenuse
adjacent

opposite
 If we look at angle B, there is
one side that is adjacent to it
and the other side is opposite
from it, and of course we have
the hypotenuse.

hypotenuse

opposite

B
adjacent
 Remember we won’t use the
right angle

X
One more thing…

θ this is the symbol for an unknown

angle measure.
It’s name is ‘Theta’.

Don’t let it scare you… it’s like ‘x’ except

for angle measure… it’s a way for us to
keep our variables understandable and
organized.
 Opp
Sin 
Hyp
hypotenuse
hypotenuse
opposite
opposite
Adj
Cos  
Hyp

Opp adjacent
Tan  
Adj
We need a
way to
remember
all of these
ratios…
 Some
Old
Hippie
Came
A
Hoppin’
Through
Our
Old Hippie Apartment
SOHCAHTOA Sin
Opp
Hyp
Cos
Adj
Hyp
Tan
Opp
Old Hippie Adj
Here we
go!!!!
 Trigonometric Ratios
Name
Sine Cosine tangent

Abbreviation
Sin Cos Tan

Ratio of an Sinθ = opposite side cosθ = adjacent side tanθ =opposite side
angle
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent side
measure
 sinθ = opposite side
hypotenuse
One more
time…
Here are the cosθ = adjacent side
ratios: hypotenuse

tanθ =opposite side

adjacent side
 Let’s practice…
Write the ratio for sin A
B Sin A = a
c
c
Write the ratio for cos A
a
Cos A = b
c
C b A
Write the ratio for tan A
Let’s switch angles:
Tan A = a
Find the sin, cos and
b
tan for Angle B:

Sin B = b Tan B = b
Cos B = a
c a
c
 It is important to note WHICH angle you are talking
about when you find the value of the trig ratio.
 Let's try finding some trig ratios with
some numbers. Remember that sides
c
5 of a right triangle follow the
4b Pythagorean Theorem so


a b c
2 2 2

adjacent
a3 Let's choose: 32  4 2  5 2

sin  =
o 3
 Use a mnemonic and
h 5 figure out which sides
tan  =
o 4
 of the triangle you
a 3 need for tangent.
sine.
You need to pay attention to which angle you want the trig ratio of
so you know which side is opposite that angle and which side is
adjacent to it. The hypotenuse will always be the longest side and
will always be opposite the right angle.

Oh,
I'm This method only applies if you have
acute! a right triangle and is only for the
 acute angles (angles less than 90°)
in the triangle.
5
4

So
 am I!

3
 There are three more trig ratios. They are called the
r reciprocals of the
first three ratios. Oh yeah, this
means to flip the
Like the first three trig ratios, these are referred to by fraction over.
the first three letters except for cosecant since it's
first three letters are the same as for cosine.
opposite hypotenuse
sin  cosecant 
hypotenuse opposite
hypotenuse
cos 
adjacent secant 
hypotenuse adjacent

adjacent
tan 
opposite cotangent 
adjacent opposite
Best way to remember these is learn which is reciprocal of which and flip them.
 5
Let's try one: sec  = Which trig ratio is this the reciprocal of?
4

 adjacent hypotenuse
cos is so sec is
a h hypotenuse adjacent
c
5
4b
o 3
cot  =
4
a 
a3
opposite adjacent
tan is so cot is
adjacent opposite
As a way to help keep them straight I think, The "s" doesn't go with "s" and
the "c" doesn't go with "c" so if we want secant, it won't be the one that
starts with an "s" so it must be the reciprocal of cosine. (have to just
remember that tangent & cotangent go together but this will help you with
sine and cosine).
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SPECIAL ANGLES:

1 1 1

What is an equilateral triangle?

What is an isosceles triangle?
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SPECIAL ANGLES:

2 2
1

1 1 1
COMPLETE THE TABLE

Trigonometric ratios of the angles

ᶿ sin cos tan csc sec cot

30°

45°

60º
COMPLETE THE TABLE

Trigonometric ratios of the angles

sin cos tan csc sec cot

1 1