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Chapter 17
Thermochemistry
Remember: The
concept of specific
heat allows you to
measure heat flow in
chemical and physical
processes.
Calorimetry
How can you measure the change in
enthalpy of a reaction?
Constant-Pressure Calorimeters
Foam cups can be used as simple
calorimeters because they do not let
much heat in or out.
• Most chemical reactions and physical
changes carried out in the laboratory are
open to the atmosphere and thus occur at
constant pressure.
Constant-Pressure Calorimeters
The enthalpy (H) of a system accounts
for the heat flow of the system at
constant pressure.
• The heat absorbed or released by a reaction
at constant pressure is the same as the
change in enthalpy, symbolized as ΔH.
Constant-Pressure Calorimeters
The value of ΔH of a reaction can be
determined by measuring the heat flow
of the reaction at constant pressure.
• In this textbook, the terms heat and
enthalpy change are used
interchangeably.
• In other words, q = ΔH.
Constant-Pressure Calorimeters
• To measure the enthalpy
change for a reaction in
aqueous solution in a
foam cup calorimeter,
dissolve the reacting
chemicals (the system) in
known volumes of water
(the surroundings).
Constant-Pressure Calorimeters
• Measure the initial
temperature of each
solution, and mix the
solutions in the foam cup.
• After the reaction is
complete, measure the
final temperature of the
mixed solutions.
Constant-Pressure Calorimeters
You can calculate the heat
absorbed or released by the
surroundings (qsurr) using the
formula for the specific heat,
the initial and final
temperatures, and the heat
capacity of water.
qsurr = m C ΔT
Constant-Pressure Calorimeters
qsurr = m C ΔT
• m is the mass of the
water.
• C is the specific heat
of water.
• ΔT = Tf – Ti
Constant-Pressure Calorimeters
The heat absorbed by
the surroundings is
equal to, but has the
opposite sign of, the
heat released by the
system.
qsurr = –qsys
Constant-Pressure Calorimeters
The enthalpy change for the reaction
(ΔH) can be written as follows:
qsys = ΔH = –qsurr = –m C ΔT
Constant-Volume Calorimeters
Calorimetry experiments can also be
performed at a constant volume using a
device called a bomb calorimeter.
Constant-Volume Calorimeters
In a bomb
calorimeter, a
sample of a
compound is
burned in a
constant-volume
chamber in the
presence of
oxygen at high
pressure.
17 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
17.2 Measuring and Expressing Calorimetry
Enthalpy Changes >
Constant-Volume Calorimeters
• The heat that is
released warms the
water surrounding the
chamber.
• By measuring the
temperature increase
of the water, it is
possible to calculate
the quantity of heat
released during the
combustion reaction.
18 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
17.2 Measuring and Expressing
Enthalpy Changes > CHEMISTRY & YOU
KNOWNS UNKNOWN
Cwater = 4.18 J/(g·°C) ΔH = ? kJ
Vfinal = VHCl + VNaOH
= 25.0 mL + 25.0 mL = 50.0 mL
Ti = 25.0°C
Tf = 32.0°C
densitysolution = 1.00 g/mL
29 = –97000 J = –97 kJ
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
17.2 Measuring and Expressing Thermochemical
Enthalpy Changes > Equations
Thermochemical Equations
How can you express the enthalpy
change for a reaction in a chemical
equation?
Calcium oxide is
one of the
components of
cement.
85 kJ
ΔH = 2.24 mol NaHCO3(s) 2 mol NaHCO (s)
3
= 95 kJ
Heats of Combustion
The heat of combustion is the heat of
reaction for the complete burning of one mole
of a substance.
qsys = ΔH = –qsurr = –m C ΔT
END OF 17.2