BLACK HOLE

• Introduction
• What are Black Holes?
• How are they formed?
• Parts Of Black Hole
• Theories
• Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity
• Stephen Hawking’s Explanation and Hawking Radiation
• How A Black Hole Looks Like?
• Conclusion
Introduction
The idea of a body so massive that even light could not escape
was briefly proposed by astronomical pioneer and Englishman
John Michell in 1784. Michell's simplistic calculations based on
Newton’s First Law. He assumed such a body might have the same
density as the Sun, and concluded that such a body would form
when a star’s diameter exceeds the Sun's by a factor of 500, and
the surface escape velocity exceeds the usual speed of light.

Scholars of the time were initially excited by the proposal but later dampened
when the wavelike nature of light became apparent in the early nineteenth
century. If light were a wave rather then, it is unclear what, if any, influence gravity
would have on escaping light waves. Modern physics discredits Michell's notion.
What are Black Holes?

Despite being black and hole a Black Hole is not a dark empty space but
a huge amount of matter packed into a very small space. A black hole is
a region of spacetime that are so dense they create deep gravity sinks.
Beyond a certain region, not even light can escape the powerful tug of
a black hole's gravity. And anything that ventures too close—be it star,
planet, or spacecraft—will be stretched and compressed like putty in a
theoretical process aptly known as spaghettification.
Types of Black Holes
There are three types of black holes:

• Stellar

• Supermassive

• Intermediate
How are they formed?
The most commonly known way a black hole forms is by stellar death.
As stars reach the ends of their lives, most will inflate, lose mass, and
then cool to form white dwarfs. But the largest of these fiery bodies,
those at least 10 to 20 times as massive as our own sun, are destined
to become either super-dense neutron stars or so-called stellar-mass
black holes.
Super Nova
In their final stages, enormous stars go out with a bang in massive
explosions known as supernovae. Such a burst flings star matter out
into space but leaves behind the stellar core. While the star was alive,
nuclear fusion created a constant outward push that balanced the
inward pull of gravity from the star's own mass. In the stellar remnants
of a supernova, however, there are no longer forces to oppose that
gravity, so the star core begins to collapse in on itself.
A Black Hole Is Born
If its mass collapses into an infinitely small point, a black hole is born.
Packing all of that bulk—many times the mass of our own sun—into
such a tiny point gives black holes their powerful gravitational pull.
Parts Of Black Hole
 Singularity

Event Horizon
Theories
• Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity
Einstein came up with this geometric theory of gravity which deforms space time so matter deforms space-
time and then space-time tells matter in turn how to move around it. And you can get enough matter into a
small region that it punctures space time and that even light can’t escape it, the force of gravity keeps even
light inside. Sun don’t pull earth it changes the space-time geometry tells earth how to move around sun.

The earth traveling along in the curved

spacetime generated by the sun
Stephen Hawking’s Explanation
And Hawking’s Radiation

Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a

union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.

Hawking's theory suggested that the information in objects entering

a black hole would disappear and be lost forever. This contradicted a
basic law of quantum mechanics, which demands that information
relating to an object is never lost, and gave rise to “the information
paradox”.
Hawking’s Radiation
Hawking radiation is black-body radiation that is predicted to be released
by black holes, due to quantum effects near the black hole event horizon.
Hawking radiation reduces the mass and rotational energy of black holes and
is therefore also known as black hole evaporation. Because of this, black
holes that do not gain mass through other means are expected to shrink and
ultimately vanish. Micro black holes are predicted to be larger emitters of
radiation than more massive black holes and should thus shrink and dissipate
faster.
Black Hole continuously looses its energy at the end the black hole radiates
away with the energy of billions of nuclear bombs in a huge explosion but
this process is slow it would take trillion of trillion years a black hole to
evaporate
How A Black Hole Looks Like?

On April 10th, the world was treated to something unprecedented - the first ever image of a black hole!
Specifically, the image captured the Supermassive Black Hole (SMBH) at the center of galaxy Messier 87 (M87).
The result—a ring of fire surrounding the blackest of shadows—is a powerful confirmation of Albert Einstein’s
theory of gravity, or general relativity, which was used to predict black holes 80 years ago. It is also a feat for the
team of more than 200 scientists who toiled for years to produce the image by combining signals from eight
separate radio observatories spanning the globe.
How they see it?
To get the first image of a black hole they zoomed into

the galaxy M87 its 55 million light years away and at its

heart at the center. To see one you need to build a

telescope as large as earth. Build many telescopes

around the world and synchronized them properly so

they receives the light waves from the black hole and

stitched all data together to make an image.

What Happens If We Fall Into One?
If you fall into a Black Hole you may get Spaghettified!
Spaghettification is the vertical stretching and horizontal
compression of objects into long thin shapes (rather like spaghetti) in a
very strong non-homogeneous gravitational field; it is caused by
extreme tidal forces. In Near black holes, the stretching is so powerful
that no object can withstand it, no matter how strong its components.
Within a small region the horizontal compression balances the vertical
stretching so that small objects being spaghettified experience no net
change in volume.
Conclusion
Black holes are central mystery of our age because that’s where quantum
world and gravitational world come together. What’s inside is singularity.
And that’s where all the forces becomes unified, and gravity becomes strong
enough to compete with other forces. But Its hidden from us.
In June 2008, NASA launched the Fermi space telescope, which is searching
for the terminal gamma-ray flashes expected from evaporating primordial
black holes. In the event that speculative large extra dimension theories are
correct, CERN's Large Hadron Collider may be able to create micro black
holes and observe their evaporation.
Astronomers think that there may be up to a million black holes in our
Milky Way galaxy, and that this is a typical number for other galaxies as well.
It is the task of X-ray telescopes such as Chandra and XMM-Newton to go
exploring for the tell-tale glow of X-rays that reveal the locations of darkest
places in the universe.
“It's a pity that nobody has found an exploding black hole. If they had, I
would have won a Nobel prize.” -Stephen Hawking

End