x⁴+x³+x²+x+1=0

C MPLEX
NUMBERS
r cis Ɵ

(2+i)⁵⁶ = a +bi
WHAT IS A COMPLEX NUMBER?????

A number of the form a + bi which a and b are real numbers

Real Part Imaginary Part

If a = 0, the complex number reduces to bi, which is called

Pure Imaginary Number

If neither a nor b is zero, the complex number may be called

Mixed Imaginary Number
OPERATIONS WITH COMPLEX NUMBER

ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i

SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

(a + bi) – (c + di) = (a – c) + (b – d)i

MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

(a + bi) (c + di) = ac + adi + bci + bdi² = (ac – bd) + (bc + ad)i

DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

(a + bi) ÷ (c + di) = a + bi . c – di = ac – adi + bci - bdi²

c + di c – di c² - d²i²
= ac + bd + bc – ad i
c² + d² c² + d²
EXAMPLE – EXAMPLES – EXAMPLESS

(5 + 7i) + (8 + 2i)

(5 + 8) + (7 + 2)i = 13 + 9i

(15 + 2i) – (6 - 4i)

(15 - 6) + [2 – (-4)]i = 9 + 6i
EXAMPLE – EXAMPLES – EXAMPLESS

(2 + √3 i) (5 - 6√3 i)

[(2)(5) – (√3)(-6√3)] + [(2)(-6√3) + (√3)(5)]i = 28 – 7√3 i

EXERCISE !!!!

(8 + 7i) (2 + 3i)
(5 + 6i) (5 – 2i)
GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS

X R
axis of imaginary R = x + yi
numbers
Y
│r│= √(x²+y²)

axis of real numbers

EXAMPLE
Determine and draw the sum of two vectors A and B

5+5i

1,3

4,2
TRIGONOMETRIC FORM OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
x = r cos Ɵ
y = r sin Ɵ
X R
R = x + yi
axis of imaginary
numbers r Y R = rcos Ɵ + i rsinƟ

Ɵ R = r cis Ɵ

modulus amplitude
axis of real numbers
Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers
in Trigonometric Form

( r₁ cis Ɵ₁ ) ( r₂ cis Ɵ₂) = r₁ r₂ cis (Ɵ₁ + Ɵ₂)

( r₁ cis Ɵ₁) = r₁ cis (Ɵ₁ - Ɵ₂)

( r₂ cis Ɵ₂) r₂
EXAMPLE – EXAMPLES – EXAMPLESS

Find the trigonometric form of the complex number 1 - √3 i

Reduce the form 15 (cos345⁰ + i sin345⁰)

Simplify: 2(cos15⁰ + isin15⁰) • 3(cos70⁰ + isin70⁰)

4(cos65⁰ + isin65⁰)

Simplify: 4 + 4√3 i
6 – 6i
Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers

( r cis Ɵ )ⁿ = rⁿ cis nƟ ; where n is a positive integer

( )
ⁿ√( r cis Ɵ) = ⁿ√r cis Ɵ + k•360⁰
n
; where k = 0,1,2....(n-1)
EXAMPLE – EXAMPLES – EXAMPLESS

Simplify: (1 + √3 i)⁸

Simplify: (2 cis 20⁰)¹⁶

Find all of the cube roots of (1 - √3 i)

Find all the roots of the equation x⁵ - 32 = 0