PRAYER

Colossians 3:23-24

• Whatever you do, work at it with all your

heart, as working for the Lord, not for
human masters, 24 since you know that you
will receive an inheritance from the Lord as
a reward. It is the Lord Christ you are
serving.
Writing Academic Texts
LESSON 3
 MENTION-RELATE-EXHAUST

• Unemployment
•Poverty
•Gender Stereotypes
• Bullying
Brainstorming

• When you responded with ideas and

concepts related to the concept that was
given
• The aims of this activity is to generate as
many topics as you can in a short period
of time
Free writing

It is the process of writing any idea that comes to your

mind.

• A writing strategy developed by Peter Elbow in 1973, is

similar to brainstorming but is written in sentence and
paragraph form without stopping.

• “Don’t think; just write!” —Ray Bradbury

Advantages

• It increases the flow of ideas and reduces the

chance that you’ll accidentally censor a good
idea.
• Helps to increase fluency second-language
learners—i.e., the ability to produce written
language easily (as opposed to accuracy,
which is of course important but which is better
addressed later in the process).
Clustering

• This process of writing is also called Idea

map.

• It provides a graphic representation of

your ideas, allowing you to visualize the
connections/relationships of your ideas
What is
Prewriting?
• Is the first stage of
the writing process,
typically followed by
drafting, revision, editing
and publishing.
• Prewriting can consist of a
combination of outlining,
diagramming, free
writing, clustering
The Writing Process

1. Developing Your Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is the claim or stand that

you will develop in your paper

❖ Your thesis statement should not merely

announce something or just state a fact.
Thesis Statement

• It is a statement or theory that is put forward as a

premise to be maintained or proved.
Characteristics of an Effective Thesis
Statement

• A strong thesis statement usually contains an

element of uncertainty, risk, or challenge,
meaning that it should offer a debatable claim
that can be proven or disproved in the essay.

“Women and men are born to perform specific

roles”
Characteristics of an Effective Thesis
Statement
• An effective thesis statement is not just a
statement of fact or a description of a
topic; instead,
• it describes for the reader what the
particular position of the writer is on an
issue, or his/her interpretation of the
significance of a particular idea.
Characteristics of an Effective Thesis
Statement
• It is important that a thesis statement is not
too general because the writer won't have
enough space to cover every possible
aspect of the thesis statement.
The Writing Process

2. Organizing Your Paper

This means finding the connections of

one point to another and establishing a link
from one idea to another.
Avoiding PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism

• The act of
presenting
another’s work
or ideas as your
own.
Types of Plagiarism

1. Intentional
• Copying someone else’s work
• Buying or borrowing papers
• Cutting and pasting blocks of text from
electronic sources without documenting
• Media “borrowing” without documentation
• Web publishing without permissions of creators
Types of Plagiarism

2. Unintentional
• Careless paraphrasing
• Poor documentation
• Quoting excessively
• Failure to use your own “voice”
 Things to know…

• You may have been told that if you put something

into your own words, you need not to cite.

• That is INCORRECT.

• The material is still someone else’s idea and requires

acknowledgement. PARAPHRASING requires a
citation.
Things to know…

QUESTION IS, “Do I have to cite everything?” The answer is NO!

The following DO NOT HAVE TO BE DOCUMENTED:
• Facts that are widely known, or information or judgments
considered “common knowledge”
• A discussion of your own experiences, observations, or
reactions
• Compilation of the results of original research, science
experiments, etc.
• Those considered classics (i.e., 50 years or more of authorship
[Shakespeare, Jonson, Alighieri, etc.])
You may borrow from other works using
the following strategies
• Note cards
• Direct quotation - are the exact words of
someone else woven into your writing.
• Commentaries - a series of comments,
explanations, or annotations
You may borrow from other works using
the following strategies
• Summarizing
• Paraphrasing

Retrieved from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/02/

SUMMARIZING

• a synthesis of the key ideas of a piece of writing,

restated in your own words
• It involves putting the main idea(s) into your own
words, including only the main point(s).
• Summarize in your own words what the single main
idea of the essay is.
• Paraphrase important supporting points that come
up in the essay.
Paraphrasing

• it is one way to use a text in your own writing

without directly quoting source material
• One legitimate way (when accompanied by
accurate documentation) to borrow from a
source.
• Your own rendition of essential information and
ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a
new form.
6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing

1. Reread the original passage until you understand

its full meaning.
2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase
on a note card.
3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to
remind you later how you envision using this material.
At the top of the note card, write a key word or
phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.
6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing

4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure

that your version accurately expresses all the essential
information in a new form.
5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or
phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the
source.
6. Record the source (including the page) on your note
card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to
incorporate the material into your paper.
1. 25% of adolescents who have one baby have a
second baby within two years of the first baby's birth.

a. 25% of babies are born to mothers who are

adolescents.
b. One out of four adolescent mothers has another baby
before the first baby reaches his second birthday.
c. A quarter of adolescent mothers gives birth when their
first born is two.
d. 25% of adolescent mothers become pregnant again
when their first babies are two years old.
2. The judge was relieved when the jury was
finally ready to announce its verdict.

a. When the jury announced its verdict, the judge

was relieved.
b. The judge asked the jury to arrive at a verdict.
c. The judge welcomed the prospect of an
imminent verdict.
d. The jury welcomed the judge's relief.
SEAT WORK

1. A local newspaper claims that 75% of all

homeless people do not like homeless
shelters and prefer to live as they do now.
___________________________________________
_________________________________________
SEAT WORK

2. A woman who was nominated by the

president to head the department was
quickly approved by the board of trustees.
___________________________________________
_________________________________________
APA 6 TH EDITION
How to cite a book in APA

Structure:

• Last, F. M. (Year Published) Book. City, State:

Publisher.

• Examples:
James, H. (1937). The ambassadors. New York, NY:
Scribner
• Here’s what it should look like, if the citation were
entered in the body of your paper.

(Carpenter & Huffman, 2008) In-text citation

• A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed
training programs designed to improve native speakers'
ability to understand accented speech (Derwing, Rossiter,
& Munro, 2002; Thomas, 2004). Their training techniques
are based on the research described above indicating
that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native
speech. Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training
with students preparing to be social workers, but note that
other professionals who work with non-native speakers
could benefit from a similar program.
• And here’s how it looks in the References
section at the end of your paper:

Carpenter, S., & Huffman, K. (2008).

Visualizing psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John
Wiley & Sons.
How to Cite a Book Online in APA

Structure:

• Last, F. M. (Year Published) Book. Retrieved from URL

Example:
James, H. (2009). The ambassadors. Retrieved from
http://books.google.com
How to Cite a online in APA

Structure:

• Last, F. M. (Year [use n.d. if not given) Article or page title. Larger
Publication Title, volume or issue number. Retrieved from http://
url address

Example:
Shiva, V. (2006, February). Bioethics: A third world issue.
Nativeweb. Retrieved from
http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shiva.html
How to Cite a journal article in APA
Structure:

Last, F. M. (Year). Title of the article. Title of periodical, volume

number(issue number), pages.

Example:
Evans, P. (1989). Predatory, developmental, and other
apparatuses: A comparative political economy perspective on
the third world state. Sociological Forum. Vol.4, No.4, pp. 561-587
How to cite using MLA
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly
used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts
and humanities.

Structure
A book should be in italics:

Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. MacMurray, 1999.

Structure

A website should be in italics:

Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian

Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_m
ake-vegetarian-chili.html.*
Structure

A periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper) article

should be in quotation marks:

Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice

of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa
Studies in Women's Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-
50.

Retrieved from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/

The Post-Writing Process

• According to Murray (2005), “Writing is

revising.”
• It is a work in progress; it cannot be
perfected all at once.