introduction

 A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms, when

applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the
interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or
availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.
 Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen
fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through
the synthesis of growth promoting substances.
 what is bio fertilizers ?
 Natural fertilizer
 Help biological nitrogen fixation
 Help build up the soil
 Include organic fertilizers
 Increase crop yield by 20-30%
 Replace N and P 25%
 Stimulate plant growth
 Activate soil biologically
 Restore natural soil fertility
Types of biofertilizers

 Bacterial
Rhizobium, Azospirrilum, Azotobacter etc.
 Algal
Azolla, nostoc etc.
 Fungal
Vam (vesicular Arbuscular mycorrhiza)
Types of Biofertilizers
BACTERIAL
BIOFERTILIZERS
Rhizobium
 Name established by Frank in 1889.
 Lives in the root hairs.
 Supply essential minerals
Azospirrilum
 Present in cereal plants
 Forming symbiotic relation
 Recognized as dominant soil microbe
 Considerable quantity of nitrogen fertilizer
 Use as nitrogen supplying bio fertilizer
 Azotobector

 Azotobecteriaceae family
 Produce growth promoting substance to improve seed
germination
 Produce polysaccharide to improve soil aggregation
 Suppresses the growth of saprophytic and pathogenic
micro-organisms near the root
 Azotobacter

 Heterotrophic free living nitrogen fixing bacteria

 Most commonly occurring species
 Synthesize growth promoting substances
 Improves seed germination and plant growth
 Heaviest breathing organism
FUNGAL BIOFERTILIZERS
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (vam)
 Mutualistic association between fungal mycelia and plant roots.

 Help in nutrient transfer

 Induce plant growth
 Increases the resistance
ALGAL BIOFERTILIZER
 Azola

 Fresh water fern

 Used As a biofertilizer for rice
 Anabena azolla
 Increase of crop yield
 Tolerant to heat and cold
BIOFERTILIZERS application methods
These are three ways of using these N-fixing bacteria
 seed treatment
 Root dipping
 Soil applications
 Seed treatment

 Most common method

 Can be done with any of two or more bacteria
 Seed treatment with Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Azospirrilum
 No side effect
 Provide maximum number of population of each bacteria
Root dipping
 Application of Azospirrilum with the paddy/vegetable plants
this method is needed.
 The required quantity of Azospirillum has to be mixed with 5-
10 ltr of water at one corner of the field and all the plants have
to kept for minimum ½ an hour before sowing.
Soil applications
 Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (P.S.M) has to be used as
a soil application Use 2 kgs of P.S.M per acre. Mix P.S.M with
400 to 600 kgs of Cowdung along with ½ bag of rock
phosphate if available. The mixture of P.S.M, Cowdung and
rock phosphate have to be kept under any tree shade or
celling for over night and maintain 50% moisture.
 Use the mixture as a soil application in rows or during leveling
of soil.
Advantages of Biofertilizers
 Renewable source of nutrients
 Sustain soil health
 Supplement chemical fertilizers
 Replace 20-30%chemical fertilizer
 Increase the grain yields by 10-40%.
 Improve texture, structure, and water holding capacity of soil.
 No adverse effect on plant growth.
Disadvantages
 Require special care
 Use before their expiry date
 If use the wrong strain, they are not as effective
 Biofertilizers lose their effectiveness if the soil is too hot or dry.
 Advantages

 Help to get high yield of crops

 Make soil rich with nutrients and useful micro-organisms for growth of plants
 Contain natural component which do not harm plant
 Destroy harmful components which cause disease in soil
 Protect plants against drought and strict conditions
 Not costly and even poor farmers can make use of them
 Environment friendly
 Protect environment against pollutants
 Disadvantages
 Lower nutrient density
 Require a different type of machine to apply chemical fertilizers
 Sometimes hard to locate in certain areas
 There are five biofertilizers viz. ... Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and
blue green algae(BGA) have been traditionally used as Biofertilizers.
 Rhizobiuminoculant is used for leguminous crops such as pulses.
 Azotobacter can be used with crops like wheat, maize, mustard, cotton,
potato and other vegetable crops etc
Microorganisms carry out
 Nitrogen fixation
 Phosphorus solubilization
Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) are beneficial bacteria capable of solubilizing
inorganicphosphorus from insoluble compounds. P-solubilization ability of rhizosphere
microorganisms is considered to be one of the most important traits associated with plant
phosphate nutrition.

 Plant growth stimulation

Through the synthesis of growth promoting substances , resulting in the
reduction in chemical fertilizers and pesticides .
Advantages :

 Renewable source of nutrients

 Sustain soil health
 Supplement chemical fertilizers
 Replace 25-30% chemical fertilizers
 Increase the grain yields by 10-40%
 Decompose plant residues, and stabilize C:N ratio of soil
 Improve texture, structure and water holding capacity of soil
 No adverse effect on plant growth and soil fertility
IMPORTANCE

Bio fertilizers are symbiotically and asymbiotically associated with the

plant roots through conversion of complex organic compunds into
simpler ones that can be easily taken by plants.
 It increases the crop productivity by 20%-30%.
 Reduce checimal fertilizers and pests by25%.
 Stimulate plant growth .
 Improve soil fertility .
Bio fertilizers are most ecofriendly and cost efficient.
 Bio-fertilizers Manufacturing:

The mass production of carrier based bacterial biofertilizers involves three stages:

 Culturing of microorganisms
 Processing of carrier material
 Mixing the carrier and the broth culture and packing
How does Bio-fertilizers work?

 Fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and root nodules of legume

crop and make it available to the plants.
 Solubilise the insoluble forms of phosphates like tricalcium, iron
and aluminum phosphate into available forms.
 Produce hormones and anti metabolites which promote root growth.
They scavenge phosphate from soil layers
 Decompose organic matter and help in soil mineralization.
Biopesticide

pesticides are the only toxic substances released intentionally into our
environment to kill living things: to kill weeds (herbicides), insects (insecticides),
fungus (fungicides), rodents (rodenticides), and others.

Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural
materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. For example,
canola oil and baking soda have pesticidal applications and are
considered biopesticides.
APPLICATIONS

Bio pesticides are biological agents or are derived biologically that are
usually applied as of chemical pesticides but the achieve pest management in
an environmental friendly way.

 Bio pesticides against crop disease have already established themselves

on a variety of crops. For example, bio pesticides role in controlling
Downy mildew diseases.

 Bio pesticides is in the area of seed treatments and soil amendments.

CONCLUSION :

 In conclusion, how are Bio-Fertilizers and Bio-Pesticides beneficial to the

society and the environment?
Bio-pesticides and Bio-fertilizers are used widely by the agricultural society.
This is because they are beneficial to the environment the farmers work in. Since
they are the opposite of conventional fertilizers and pesticides, which include
chemicals, they are greatly accepted.
In the environment, naturally occurring pesticides and bio-fertilizers are known
to cause less pollution than other chemical ones. They are also known to reduce the
amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides that most people use. And in most
cases, they are not harmful to the society or to the organisms around the plant. These
bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides also have the ability to produce greener and
healthier leaves. Although, they may show slow results, the benefits are worth it.