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    1) Viruses are submicroscopic infectious particles that lack cellular structure and are obligate intracellular parasites. They cannot reproduce outside of a host cell. 2) Viruses come in different shapes (icosahedral or helical) and some have an envelope while others are naked. Their structure determines host range and tissue tropism. 3) Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and whether their genome is single or double-stranded. They replicate within host cells by either entering through fusion with the cell membrane or through a vesicle. Their replication cycles involve adsorption, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release of new virus particles.

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    1) Viruses are submicroscopic infectious particles that lack cellular structure and are obligate intracellular parasites. They cannot reproduce outside of a host cell. 2) Viruses come in different shapes (icosahedral or helical) and some have an envelope while others are naked. Their structure determines host range and tissue tropism. 3) Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and whether their genome is single or double-stranded. They replicate within host cells by either entering through fusion with the cell membrane or through a vesicle. Their replication cycles involve adsorption, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release of new virus particles.

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    30 views35 pages

    Virus

    Uploaded by

    Ammar Haikal
    1) Viruses are submicroscopic infectious particles that lack cellular structure and are obligate intracellular parasites. They cannot reproduce outside of a host cell. 2) Viruses come in different shapes (icosahedral or helical) and some have an envelope while others are naked. Their structure determines host range and tissue tropism. 3) Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and whether their genome is single or double-stranded. They replicate within host cells by either entering through fusion with the cell membrane or through a vesicle. Their replication cycles involve adsorption, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release of new virus particles.

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    Chapter 13

    VIRUS
    Sizes Relationships Among Microorganisms(Ukuran Hubungan Antara
    Chapter 13
    Mikroorganisme
    )
    What is a Virus? Chapter 13

    • Submicroscopic infectious Apa itu Virus?


    particle •Partikel menular submikroskopis
    • Lack cellular structure •Kurangnya struktur seluler
    – No organelles Tidak ada organel
    – No cytoplasm Tidak ada sitoplasma
    – No nucleus or nucleoid Tidak ada nukleus atau nukleoid
    – No biochemical machinery Tidak ada mesin biokimia
    • Can’t make energy Tidak dapat membuat energi
    • Can synthesize biological Dapat mensintesis senyawa biologis
    compounds •Wajib parasit parasit intraseluler
    • Obligate Intracellular parasite Harus menginfeksi & mengambil alih sel
    – Must infect & take over a host inang untuk memperbanyak dirinya
    cell to propagate itself
    Sangat tergantung pada sel inang
    – Completely dependent upon
    host cell
    Chapter 13

    The Structure of Viruses


    Viral Structure Terminology Chapter 13

    • Virion – complete virus Terminologi Struktur Viral


    – Genome – nucleic acid •Virion - virus lengkap
    – Capsid – protein Genom - asam nukleat
    – Nucleocapsid = genome & Kapsid - protein
    capsid Nucleocapsid = genom & kapsid
    • Envelope •Amplop
    – Some viruses have envelopes Beberapa virus memiliki amplop
    – Lipid Lipid
    – sometimes protein or terkadang protein atau karbohidrat
    carbohydrate spikes meningkat
    Viruses grouped by Shape Chapter 13

    Icosahedral

    Helical

    Complex
    Chapter 13
    Two Basic types of Virus Particle
    Chapter 13
    Naked versus Enveloped Chapter 13

    • No envelope = naked virus


    • Either shape can be enveloped
    Telanjang versus Dibungkus

    •Tidak ada amplop = virus


    telanjang
    •Apapun bentuknya bisa
    diselimuti
    Virus Structure determines: Chapter 13

    • Host range & Specificity Struktur Virus menentukan:


    – What organisms can be infected Rentang host & Spesifisitas
    – Very narrow to more broad Organisme apa yang bisa terinfeksi
    • Smallpox: humans Sangat sempit hingga lebih luas
    Cacar: manusia
    • Poliovirus: Humans &
    Poliovirus: Manusia & Primata
    Primates
    Rabies: banyak hewan berdarah
    • Rabies: many warm- panas
    blooded animals Tropisme jaringan
    • Tissue tropism Jaringan spesifik terserang
    – Specific tissue attacked HIV: hanya sel darah merah tertentu
    (sel T-helper)
    • HIV: only certain WBC (T-
    Rabies: jaringan saraf pada
    helper cells)
    umumnya
    • Rabies: nervous tissue in
    general
    Viral Classification Chapter 13

    • ClassifIed by Type of Klasifikasi Viral


    Nucleic Acid Dikelompokkan berdasarkan Jenis Asam
    – DNA viruses Nukleat
    • Single-stranded DNA Virus DNA
    • Double-stranded DNA DNA beruntai tunggal
    – RNA viruses DNA beruntai ganda
    • Single-stranded RNA Virus RNA
    • Double-stranded RNA
    RNA untai tunggal
    • Positive-strand (+ strand)
    RNA untai ganda
    – Equivalent to
    messenger RNA Positive-strand (+ strand)
    (mRNA) Setara dengan messenger
    • Negative-strand (- strand) RNA (mRNA)
    – Complimentary to Negatif-untai (- untai)
    messenger RNA
    Gratis untuk messenger RNA
    Viral Taxonomy Chapter 13

    • Family names end in: -


    viridae Taksonomi Viral
    •Nama keluarga diakhiri dengan: -
    • Genus names end in: -
    virus viridae
    •Nama genus diakhiri dengan: -virus
    • Viral species
    •Spesies virus
    – group of viruses sharing the
    same genetic information sekelompok virus yang berbagi
    – same ecological niche informasi genetik yang sama
    (host).
    niche ekologis yang sama (tuan
    – Common names are used
    for species: rumah).
    • city, people, diseases Nama-nama umum digunakan
    untuk spesies:
    kota, orang, penyakit
    Viral Taxonomy - Example Chapter 13

    • Family Taksonomi Viral - Contoh


    Pircornaviridiae •Keluarga Pircornaviridiae
    • Single-stranded •RNA untai tunggal
    RNA •tidak dikembangkan
    • nonenveloped Virus polio
    – Poliovirus Virus hepatitis A
    – Hepatitis A virus
    Viral Classification by tissue affected Chapter 13

    • Pneumotrophic Klasifikasi virus berdasarkan jaringan


    Respiratory tissue yang terkena
    • Dermotrophic •Pneumotrofik
    – Skin & associated tissues Jaringan pernapasan
    •Dermotropik
    • Viscerotrophic Kulit & jaringan terkait
    – Internal organs •Viscerotrophic
    • Neurotrophic Organ dalam
    – Nerve tissue •Neurotropik
    Jaringan saraf
    Chapter 13

    Replication of Viruses
    Bacteriophage Structure Chapter 13
    Replication of Bacteriophages Chapter 13

    Replikasi Bakteriofag
    • Five Steps Lima Langkah
    – Attachment Penempelan
    Penetrasi
    – Penetration
    Biosintesis
    – Biosynthesis Pematangan
    – Maturation Melepaskan

    – Release
    Bacteriophage Replication Chapter 13
    Bacteriophage Replication Chapter 13
    Animal Virus Replication Chapter 13
    • Some similarities to
    Bacteriophage Replication Replikasi Virus Hewan
    – Attachment Beberapa kesamaan dengan Replikasi
    • to plasma membrane Bacteriophage
    not cell wall •Lampiran
    • Spikes or proteins on untuk membran plasma bukan dinding
    viral surface - No tail
    fibers sel
    – Penetration Paku atau protein pada permukaan
    • whole virus enters not virus - Tidak ada serat ekor
    just nucleic acid •Penetrasi
    – Uncoating seluruh virus masuk bukan hanya asam
    • Capsid must be removed nukleat
    to release viral nucleic •Uncoating
    acid
    – Replication Kapsid harus dihilangkan untuk
    – Release melepaskan asam nukleat virus
    • Cell rupture > host cell •Replikasi
    death •Rilis
    • Budding > Envelope Pecah sel> kematian sel inang
    aquistiion Budding> Envelope aquistiion
    Different Ways Animal Viruses enter Host Cell
    Chapter 13

    • Fusion Berbagai Cara Virus Hewan memasuki Sel


    – Viral envelope & Host Induk
    membrane fuse Fusi
    • Nucleocapsid taken into Amplop virus & Sekring membran Host
    host cell Nukleokapsid dimasukkan ke dalam sel inang
    – Like phagocytosis Seperti fagositosis
    • Uncoating Uncoating
    – Protein coat removed Mantel protein dihilangkan
    – Viral nucleic acid Asam nukleat virus dilepaskan ke dalam
    released into host
    cytoplasm sitoplasma inang
    Different Ways Animal Viruses enter Host Cell
    Chapter 13

    • Vesicle Gelembung
    – Forms around virus & Bentuk di sekitar virus & terjepit
    pinches off
    • Fusion
    Fusi
    – Viral envelope & vesicle Selubung virus & membran vesikel
    membrane Virus di dalam vesikel
    – Virus inside vesicle Uncoating
    • Uncoating Mantel protein dihilangkan
    – Protein coat removed Asam nukleat virus dilepaskan ke
    – Viral nucleic acid released dalam sitoplasma inang
    into host cytoplasm
    Replication differs between DNA and RNA viruses (Chapter
    Replikasi
    13
    berbeda antara virus DNA dan RNA)

    • DNA virus
    – Viral DNA directs synthesis Virus DNA
    of viral proteins & DNA DNA virus mengarahkan sintesis
    • RNA virus protein virus & DNA
    – Positive stranded Virus RNA
    • Viral RNA acts as Positif terdampar
    mRNA RNA virus bertindak sebagai
    • Codes for proteins & mRNA
    new viral RNA genome
    Kode untuk protein & genom RNA
    – Negative-stranded
    • Viral RNA acts as
    virus baru
    template for mRNA Negatif-terlantar
    synthesis RNA virus bertindak sebagai
    • New mRNA codes for templat untuk sintesis mRNA
    proteins
    Kode mRNA baru untuk protein
    Replication of DNA virus Chapter 13
    Replication of a DNA Animal Virus Chapter 13
    RNA Virus Replication Chapter 13
    Replication of RNA Virus Chapter 13

    A. Virus enters host cell cytoplasm*


    B. Uncoating
    C. + (positive) RNA virus
    - Directly synthesize of viral proteins
    - Synthesize negative RNA
    - negative RNA makes copies of + RNA
    - + RNA combines with viral proteins
    - Form new viruses
    D. - (negative) RNA virus
    - Synthesize positive RNA
    - synthesize proteins form +RNA
    - positive RNA makes copies of - RNA
    - combine - RNA with viral proteins
    E. Release new viruses

    * All steps occur in host cell cytoplasm


    Chapter 13

    • Replikasi Virus RNA


    A. Virus memasuki sitoplasma sel inang *
    B. Uncoating
    C. + (positif) virus RNA
    • - Secara langsung mensintesis protein virus
    • - Mensintesis RNA negatif
    • - RNA negatif membuat salinan + RNA
    • - + RNA bergabung dengan protein virus
    • - Bentuk virus baru
    D. - Virus RNA (negatif)
    • - Mensintesis RNA positif
    • - mensintesis protein membentuk + RNA
    • - RNA positif membuat salinan - RNA
    • - gabungkan - RNA dengan protein virus
    E. Lepaskan virus baru
    • * Semua langkah terjadi di sitoplasma sel inang
    Proviruses Chapter 13

    • Some animal viruses can be a provirus


    • Double–stranded RNA virus
    • Use Reverse Transcriptase enzyme
    R
    – Synthesize double-stranded viral DNA
    • Integrate viral dsDNA into host DNA
    • Vial DNA replicates along with host cell
    • Provirus may become activated
    – Form new generation of viruses
    – Release from host cell destroys host cell

    Beberapa virus hewan dapat menjadi provirus


    Provirus
    •Beberapa virus hewan dapat menjadi provirus
    •Virus RNA untai ganda
    •Gunakan enzim Reverse Transcriptase
    Mensintesis DNA virus untai ganda
    •Integrasikan dsDNA virus ke dalam DNA inang
    •Vial DNA bereplikasi bersama dengan sel inang
    •Provirus dapat diaktifkan
    Bentuk generasi virus baru
    Pelepasan dari sel inang menghancurkan sel
    inang
    Drugs can inhibit virus replication Chapter 13

    • Antibody activity
    – Prevent virus from binding Obat-obatan dapat menghambat
    to host cell replikasi virus
    • Antiviral drugs •Aktivitas antibodi
    – Prevent attachment Mencegah virus dari mengikat ke
    – Cause mistakes in viral NA
    synthesis sel inang
    • Reverse transcriptase •Obat antivirus
    inhibitors Cegah keterikatan
    – Bind to reverse transcriptase Menyebabkan kesalahan dalam
    • Neuraminidase inhibitors sintesis virus NA
    – Blocks action of enzyme •Inhibitor transkripase terbalik
    that attacks host membrane
    – Cannot gain entry into host Bind untuk membalik
    cell transkriptase
    •Inhibitor neuraminidase
    Memblokir aksi enzim yang
    menyerang membran inang
    Tidak dapat masuk ke sel host
    Interferon puts cells in an antiviral state (Interferon
    Chapter 13
    menempatkan sel dalam keadaan antivirus)
    Chapter 13
    Chapter 13
    Chapter 13
    Chapter 13

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