1.

Describe the general types of

intermolecular forces,
2. Examines the forces of attraction
between molecules, or atoms, that
are responsible for forming the liquid
and solid states.
 Forces of attraction
There exist between Molecules of gases and
liquids Forces of attraction.
Some forces may be STRONG

other forces may be

WEAK.
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 Forces of Attraction
For gases and liquids these forces are of two types:

intermolecular - between molecules

intramolecular - within the molecule

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 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
• Intermolecular forces of attraction are
also known as van der Waals
forces.

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 Polarity
• it is the result of one atom being more
electronegative than the other.
• in a covalent bond, the resulting molecule is
polarized and has positive and negative poles.
This happens when there is electron sharing.
However, instead of sharing the electrons
equally, the more electronegative atom
attracts the electrons toward itself.
• Nonpolar covalent bonds, with
equal sharing of the bond
electrons, arise when the
electronegativities of the two
atoms are equal.
Difference in Type of Bond
electronegativity
< 0.4 Nonpolar
covalent
Between 0.4 & Polar covalent
1.8
> 1.8 Ionic
• if the structure is symmetrical, then
it makes a nonpolar molecule.
• Polar covalent bonds, A bond
between 2 nonmetal atoms that have
different electronegativities and
therefore have unequal sharing of the
bonding electron pair.
• if the structure is asymmetrical, then
it can be considered as a polar
molecule.
Four main types of intermolecular forces:
1. Dipole-dipole
2. Hydrogen bonding
3. Dispersion forces also known as
London forces in honor of Fritz
London.

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 Dipole-Dipole Forces:
• These are attractive forces
between polar molecules.
• The molecules align
themselves in such a away that
there is attraction between
positive and negative poles.
 Dipole-dipole interaction
• Occurs between polar + –
molecules. This is due
to the partial positive
pole and the partial
negative pole of the H Cl
molecule.

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 Dipole- Dipole Forces
An example of a Polar
molecule is HCl

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 Hydrogen Bond
• This type of force results in the attraction of an
already bonded H atom to the electronegative
atom of another molecule. Hydrogen bond
occurs in polar molecules containing H and any
one of the highly electronegative elements, in
particular F, O, N.

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• Hydrogen tends to be strongly
positive due to the strong
tendencies of F, O, or N to attract
the electron towards it. The
highly electronegative elements
make hydrogen strongly positive.

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 Hydrogen Bond Forces
The hydrogen bond is a special form of the
Dipole-Dipole force.
- It is the strongest intermolecular force

However It can ONLY exist when a Hydrogen

atom is present in the molecule AND it’s
bonded to

- Either a N, O, or F atom also present

in the same molecule.
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 Hydrogen bonds
In all compounds that form H-bonds the
Hydrogen atom is ALWAYS the Positive Dipole.

O, F, or N is ALWAYS the negative

Dipole

As one molecule approaches +

another the positive Hydrogen
aligns with the negative O, F, or N.
-
H F
+ - 19
 The Hydrogen Bond
Examples of compounds that can form H-bonds are:

Water, Methyl or Ethyl Alcohol, HF, NH3

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 Dispersion Forces or London Forces
• Dispersion force is present in all
molecules. It is the only force
present in nonpolar molecules. It is
very weak and acts in very small
distances.
• it was discussed by FRITZ
WOLFGANG LONDON, a German
theoretical physicist in 1930. 21
 Dispersion Forces
Dispersion forces, the weakest force, is sometimes called
LONDON Dispersion Forces or induced dipole forces

- They result when there is a momentary shift in

electron density within the molecules electron cloud

Non-polar molecules Formation of

Temporary Dipoles

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 Dispersion Forces
Non-polar compounds are molecules that do not have a
permanent charge distribution within the Molecule.

Molecules that have an even electron distribution

Are typically 1) single atoms, 2) molecules of the same
element, 3) hydrocarbons 4) symmetrical molecules

For example: Ne, Kr, H2, O2, N2, S8, C3H8, CCl4, CO2
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Properties of Substances in Relation to
Intermolecular Forces
Property Phenomena
Surface tension
• A phenomenon caused by
cohesive forces
(intermolecular forces)
between molecules
allowing liquids to create a
thin film on its surface.

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Phenomena

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 Viscosity
• Viscosity is the
resistance of a liquid
to flow. The more
viscous a liquid is
the thicker its
consistency. In
layman’s term it is
the measure of the
thickness of a liquid.

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 CAPILLARY ACTION?
• A phenomenon wherein a liquid is able to
rise up on a narrow tube. Adhesive forces
between the tube and the liquid allow the
liquid to exceed its weight.

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FILL A GLASS WITH DILUTED GRAPE JUICE AS SHOWN BELOW. FOLD A
PAPER TOWEL TO CONNECT THE TWO GLASSES...OBSERVE WHAT
HAPPENS OVER SEVERAL HOURS...

AFTER 20 MINUTES -- AFTER 2 HOURS -- MOSTLY

AFTER 4 HOURS -- SOME
WATER IS MOVING UP THE WATER HAS MOVED INTO
PIGMENT HAS MOVING
PAPER TOWEL THE SECOND GLASS
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• Capillary action occurs
because water molecules bond
each other strongly due to
forces of cohesion and
adhesion where water
molecules are attracted and
stick to other substances such
as glass or paper.
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