Liquids and Intermolecular Forces

- ice floats on water

- water has a high boiling point
- dry ice does not melt
- cooking is slow atop mountains
- adhesives are sticky
- perspiration keeps you cool
intramolecular forces ( “bonds”)

O
H H

inter molecular forces

 The Players
ions
nonpolar species
polar species
polarizable species

The Force
electrostatic
 recall,

intramolecular forces

covalent 150 - 1100 kJ/mol

ionic 400 - 4000 kJ/mol

 1. Ion-Dipole

+ - +

40 - 600 kJ/mol
d+
H
d- Cl -
Na+ O
H
 1. Ion - Dipole

Na+ is actually Na+

(aq)

Coordination spheres
 2. Dipole - Dipole

- + - +

5 - 25 kJ/mol

organic - O - H

...Si - O - Si - O - Si - O - Si - O - Si...
High E - + + -

Medium E - + - +

+ -

Lowest E

-
+
3. Hydrogen bonds - A Special
Case of Dipole - Dipole

d- d+ d-
A-H :B -
A, B are N, O or F note the lone pair
10 - 40 kJ/mol
 3. Hydrogen bonds - A Special
Case of Dipole - Dipole
methanol
...and
H-bonds to
to water
itself...
H H
H C O H H
..
..
H O
.. C H
..

H
the two
are miscible
 3. Hydrogen bonds - A Special
Case of Dipole - Dipole

+100 H 2O
Boiling Point, •C

H2Te
H2Se
H 2S SnH4
GeH4
SiH4
CH4
-200
2 3 4 5
Period
3. Hydrogen bonds - A Special
Case of Dipole - Dipole

acetone
H bound to C
H
H C C no H-bonds!
H
BP = 56oC
3. Hydrogen bonds - A Special
Case of Dipole - Dipole

acetamide H
H
H N H
O .. H
H C C .. O C C
H N H H
H
BP = 221oC
3. Hydrogen bonds - A Special
Case of Dipole - Dipole

H bonds hold you together!

….

R -C - H

….
|
C=O H-N
| |
N-H O=C
….

|
H-C-R
….

a polypeptide
4. Ion - Induced Dipole

-
+ +
ion
polarizable
species

+ - +
4. Ion - Induced Dipole

+ - +

3 - 15 kJ/mol

Fe+2 O2
5. Dipole - Induced Dipole

-
- + +

dipole
polarizable species

- + - +
5. Dipole - Induced Dipole

- + - +

2 - 10 kJ/mol

Cl - H Cl - Cl
 6. Dispersion (London)

- - +
+

+
-
time averaged
distribution instantaneous
(non-polar) distributions
(polar)
 6. Dispersion (London)

- A + - B +

instantaneous
induced dipole
dipole
0.05 - 40 kJ/mol

Any Species - Any Species

 Larger species are more
polarizable...

Substance Boiling
Temperature (K)
He 4.2
Ne 27.1
Ar 87.3
Kr 120
Xe 165
 In Summary...

ion - ion
ion - dipole stronger
forces
dipole - dipole
H-bond
ion - induced dipole “van der
dipole - induced dipole Waals
forces”
dispersion