Timber Roof

Lean to
TRUSSES
THE REQUIREMENTS OF WELL PLANNED ROOF:
•It should be durable against the adverse effects of various agencies such
as wind, rain, sun etc.
•It should grant the desirable insulation against sound and heat.
•It should be structurally stable and sound, it should be capable of taking
the loads likely to come over it.
•It should be well-drained
•It should have efficient water-proofing arrangement.
 TYPES OF ROOF STRUCTURE

Roof Structures

Traditional roofs can be divided into three

main types of structure:
• Single roofs.
• Double roofs.
• Trussed roofs.
 Roof Structures
Single roofs can be categorised as follows:
Couple roof – These can be used for building with a clear span of not
greater than 3m and pitches less than 40º.
Collar roof – These can be used for buildings with a clear span not
exceeding 4mm.
Close couple roof – These can be used for buildings with a clear span not
exceeding 5.5mm and with pitches less than 25º.
COUPLE ROOF
This type of roof structure is very
limited in its use.
•The roof consists of common
rafters
•fixed at the ridge and at the wall
plate.
•Collar roof
•Horizontal roof member positioned approximately one third of the
distance from the ridge to the wall plate line.
•Helps prevent the rafters from spreading when under load;
•Greater spans than the couple roof.
•Greater ceiling height
Close couple roof
•A main tie which is secured to the feet of each rafter and spans
•The width of the building.
•Introduces the triangulation of forces within the structure.
• To stop the ceiling joist from sagging, a hanger is fixed
•To further increase the strength of this structure, a binder is fixed
to each ceiling joist and hanger.
•This type of structure ensures that this type of roof can be used
for great spans without the fear of the roof spreading under loads.
Roof Structures
Battens: Thin strips of wood which are fixed on rafters or ceiling to support
the roof ceiling.

Cleats: Small blocks of wood which are fixed on truss to prevent the sliding
of purlins.

Eaves: The lower edge of a roof which are resting upon or projecting
beyond the supporting walls are known as eave as shown in the figure.

Gable: The triangular upper part of a wall formed at the end of a pitched
roof is known as gable.

Pitch: The inclination of sides of a roof to the horizontal plane is known as

pitch, expressed in degrees or as a ratio of rise to span.
Roof Structures
Purlins: The wooden pieces which are placed horizontally on principal
rafters to carry the common rafters are known as purlins.

Rafters: There are the pieces of timber which extend from the caves
to the ridge

Ridge: A wooden piece provided at the ridge line of a sloping roof is

known as ridge or ridge board or ridge piece

Span: The horizontal distance between the internal faces of walls or

supports is known as span or clear span.

Wall-plate: These are long wooden members which are embedded on

top of walls to receive the common rafters.
•LEAN TO ROOF
•LEAN TO ROOF
 TRUSSED ROOF
•A sloping roof is supported by a framework referred to
as a roof truss.
•Generally, a roof truss is a frame composed of wood or
metal sections that are held together by aluminum or
steel connection plates.
•The purpose of the roof truss is to ensure that the
weight of the roof is equitably distributed, and that all
sections of the roof are supported properly.
TRUSSED ROOF
Ties shown in blue
Struts shown in red.
TENSION - TIES
COMPRESSION - STRUTS.

• A truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed

with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to
as nodes.

• External forces and reactions to those forces are considered to act only at
the nodes and result in forces in the members which are
either tensile or compressive forces.
A king post (or crown post) extends vertically from a crossbeam to the apex of
a triangular truss. The king post connects the apex of the truss with its base, holding up
the tie beam at the base of the truss.
In a traditionally framed wooden truss of this type, as an example say spanning 20ft
the member sizes would be in inches:-
Tie beam - 4"X8"
Principal Rafter- 4"X5"
King Post - 4"X4"
Strut 4"X4"
Purlin 4"X7"
Common Rafter 2"X4"
Ridge Board 1 1/2"X9"
These sizes are of course generalisations as the pitch, strength grade of the timber all
come into the equation.
 The carrying capability of the Kingpost truss requires that the angles between the
Kingpost braces and the chords not get too small, meaning that a wider stream would
require a really tall Kingpost. The maximum practical span for a Kingpost bridge is a
little over forty feet. Longer spans require a more sophisticated truss. The Queen post
truss, for example.

A queen post is a supporting post designed to span longer openings than a king
post. A king post uses one central supporting post, whereas the queen post uses
two.
in a traditionally framed wooden truss of
this type, as an example say spanning 35ft
the member sizes would be in inches:-
Tie beam - 5"X11", with two pieces
spliced.
Principal Rafter- 5"X7"
Queen Post - 5"X5"
Strut 5"X5"
Straining Beam 5"X8"
Straining Sill 5"X3"
Purlin 4"X7"
Common Rafter 2"X4"
Ridge Board 1 1/2"X9"
These sizes are generalisations as the
pitch, strength grade of the timber all
come into the equation.